Research process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Examination process - Essay Example Stage 2: Collection of auxiliary information: - The subsequent stage that will be followed in this setting of the investigation is assortment of optional information. In this viewpoint pertinent optional information can be utilized. For instance information from other travel organizations with respect to their uncommon visit bundles can be gathered to fill the need. The auxiliary exploration must be conveyed to know the realities, for example, the vacationer goal that will have the option to give settlement to individuals incapacity. The auxiliary examination can be additionally about offices required for a handicapped individual. Stage 3: Once the auxiliary information is gathered, the subsequent stage is to gather the essential information. In this point of view among subjective and quantitative type of exploration, subjective examination must be utilized. It is on the grounds that the objective gathering is little in numbers and consequently the necessary respondents will be additionally less. The example will be 5-10 handicapped individuals. The information will be gathered through perception strategy as it is the most ideal way. Through perception strategy the examples and issues of the impairs will be distinguished and likewise the qualities can be

Events after the Reporting Period Financial Reporting

Question: Depict about the Events after the Reporting Period for Financial Reporting. Answer: The arrangements as respects calculation and discloser of censure are contained in the AASB 1021. In regard of the adjustment in the rates and strategy for devaluation, the arrangements of passage 6.3 this standard necessitate that impact of such change must be given in the present year fiscal reports and the deterioration for the future years must be processed thinking about such changes (AASB 1021, 1997). Further, the standard additionally gives that the earlier period budget reports ought not be given any impact in regard of the adjustments in the rate and technique for expostulation (AASB 1021, 1997). Applying these arrangements to the present instance of Rainyday Ltd, the devaluation for the monetary year 2015-16 would change as has been turned out to be underneath: S.No. Depiction Sum ($) A Cost of assembling hardware 500,000.00 B Life 10 C Lingering esteem 0 D Deterioration every year (A-C/B) 50,000.00 E Deterioration for 2013-14 and 2014-15 (D*2) 100,000.00 F Recorded an incentive on 01.07.2015 (An E) 400,000.00 G Changed life 6 H Changed deterioration from 2015-16 and onwards (F/G) 66,666.67 In this way, it very well may be seen from the over that the deterioration for the monetary year has changed from $50,000 to $66,666.67 because of progress in the powerful helpful existence of the hardware. The adjustment in the deterioration is non-altering thing for the past monetary years; in this way, the chiefs of Rainyday Ltd are exhorted not to make any alterations in the records for this change for the past budgetary years 2013-14 and 2014-15. 1(b) according to the arrangements of the AASB 108, the change for the blunders and oversights of the past periods is given in the current fiscal summaries by rehashing the benefits, liabilities, and the value. Further, charge impact of such alteration is represented as per the arrangements of AASB 112, Income Taxes (AASB 108, 2013). On account of Rainyday Ltd, the fix cost of $25,000, which remained unaccounted in the year 2015, should be balanced in the books in the year 2016. The changing diary sections for Rainyday Ltd are given beneath: Diary for Prior Period Adjustments: Rainyday Ltd 2015-16 Date Depiction Charge ($) Credit ($) 5-Jul-16 Fix cost 25000 Money 25000 30-Jun-16 Held income 25000 Conceded charge 7500 Fix cost 25000 1(c) According to the arrangements AASB 9, the measure fall in the reasonable estimation of the value instrument is perceived in the fiscal summaries (AASB 9, 2010). Further, the arrangements of the AASB 110 involve that the occasions occurring after the closer of the monetary year yet before the finish of the fiscal summaries, ought to be balanced (AASB 110, 2011). Along these lines, Rainyday Ltd ought to alter the loss of $350,000 ($800,000-$450,000) in the benefit and misfortune represent the money related year 2015-16 by passing the accompanying diary section: Diary: Rainyday Ltd 2015-16 Date Depiction Charge ($) Credit ($) 30-June-16 Benefit and misfortune account 350000 Value speculation account 350000 1(d) In the present circumstance, the since the indebted person of the organization has failed before the finish of the budget reports, the occasion is modifying nature according to the AASB 110 (AASB 110, 2011). In this manner, the RainydayLtd ought to discount the rest of the sum $450,000 too in the budgetary year 2015-16 itself by passing the accompanying diary section: Diary: Rainyday Ltd 2015-16 Date Portrayal Charge ($) Credit ($) 30-June-16 Benefit and misfortune account 450000 Terrible obligations 450000 2. Diary for share issue: Sunny Ltd Date Portrayal Charge ($) Credit ($) 31-Jan-16 Money Trust 1,890,000.00 Application 1,890,000.00 (For application cash on customary offers got) 31-Jan-16 Money 30,000.00 Offer alternatives 30,000.00 (Issue of 60000 offer alternatives at 50c each) 12-Feb-16 Application 1,890,000.00 Offer capital 1,800,000.00 Offer designation 90,000.00 (For shares apportioned and abundance cash got on application balanced toward designation) 12-Mar-16 Money 1,890,000.00 Money Trust 1,890,000.00 (Move on assignment of offers) 12-Mar-16 Assignment 600,000.00 Offer capital 600,000.00 (Assignment cash due on 600000 offers) 12-Mar-16 Money 493,000.00 Assignment 493,000.00 [Allotment cash got on 580000 shares=$580000-$90000)] 20-Mar-16 Offer capital 80,000.00 Offer relinquished (630000/600000*20000)=21000 shares*$3 63,000.00 Assignment 17,000.00 (20000 offers relinquished) 5-Apr-16 Money 74,000.00 Offer relinquished ($4-$3.70)*20000 6,000.00 Offer capital 80,000.00 (20000 relinquished offers reissued @ $3.70 per share) 5-Apr-16 Offer relinquished ($63000-$6000) 57,000.00 Offer re-issue costs 3,600.00 Money 53,400.00 (Equalization in share relinquish in the wake of meeting reissue cost took care of) 30-Jun-16 Money (50000*$4.2) 210,000.00 Offer capital 210,000.00 (50000 offers gave against 50000 alternatives allocated) 30-Jun-16 Offer alternatives 30,000.00 Offer capital 25,000.00 Slipped by alternatives save 5,000.00 (Discount of alternatives worked out, and passed) 3. Calculation of current duty Sum ($) Sum ($) Bookkeeping benefit before charge 190,750.00 Include: Adjustments for tax assessment reason Devaluation gear (Accounting) 40,000.00 Devaluation - engine vehicles (Accounting) 15,000.00 Amusement costs (not charge deductible) 4,500.00 Arrangement for yearly leave 11,000.00 Arrangement for guarantees 6,900.00 Lease payable 6,000.00 83,400.00 Less: Adjustments for tax assessment reason Prepaid protection 3,000.00 Government award (absolved from annual assessment) 30,000.00 Devaluation gear (tax assessment) 60,000.00 Devaluation - engine vehicles (tax assessment) 12,000.00 Available benefit 169,150.00 Duty Rate 30% Current Tax 50,745.00 Impermanent Differences Assessment base Conveying sum Available impermanent contrasts (obligation) Deductible impermanent contrasts (resource) Prepaid protection - 3,000.00 3,000.00 Gear 340,000.00 360,000.00 20,000.00 Engine vehicles 48,000.00 45,000.00 3,000.00 Arrangement for yearly leave - 11,000.00 11,000.00 Arrangement for guarantees - 6,900.00 6,900.00 Lease payable - 6,000.00 6,000.00 Absolute 23,000.00 26,900.00 Conceded Tax Asset/risk Sum ($) Deductible impermanent contrasts (resource) 26,900.00 Less: Taxable impermanent contrasts (obligation) 23,000.00 3,900.00 Assessment Rate 30% Conceded Tax Asset 1,170.00 Diary Entries S.No. Portrayal Charge ($) Credit ($) 1 Conceded charge resource 1,170.00 Benefit and Loss 1,170.00 2 Benefit and Loss 50,745.00 Current assessment 50,745.00 4 Diary Entries Date Portrayal Charge ($) Credit ($) 1-Jul-13 Gear 800,000.00 Money 800,000.00 30-Jun-14 Devaluation cost 152,000.00 Gathered deterioration hardware 152,000.00 [($800000-$40000)/5] 30-Jun-14 Gathered deterioration hardware 152,000.00 Gear 152,000.00 30-Jun-14 Benefit and misfortune 152,000.00 Devaluation cost 152,000.00 1-Jul-14 Gear 82,000.00 Revaluation save 82,000.00 $800,000-$152,000=$648,000 (WDV) ($730,000-$648,000= Revaluation save)

How was your day

How was your day I wake up a minute before my alarm goes off, at 8.59 am. This has been happening for the last two weeks, and I don’t know why. I bitterly get up, say good morning to my roommate, and head for the bathrooms, mourning that minute of sleep that I’ll never get back. I reward myself with a twenty-minute shower, and go back to my room, pick out my clothes- khaki shorts and a lion-face-print top, since it’s a warm spring day and I’m in high spirits. Its my first post-finals day- my semester officially ended yesterday. My roommate leaves, and I ask her if she has any finals today- no, she says. She has two on Thursday, Economics and Math. I wish her all the best and I really do mean it. She was taking some tough classes this semester, and I’ve seen her put in lots of time and effort into them. I know she’ll do great. I walk to my hall’s kitchen and immediately thank the gods for finals week. My GRT, bless his soul, cooked up an amazing breakfast spread for us. I gobble down some food and bounce out of my dorm. I have a doctors appointment at 10.20, so I cross the street to Medical and check in at the desk. I’m preparing to travel to India for my MISTI (watch this space for deets on this!) and I’m there to get my travel shots. There was a slight mix-up with my appointment, and I end up waiting for twenty minutes to see the doctor- I don’t mind. I flick through my Instagram feed, appreciating the fact that I can now engage in my social media ritual without the guilt I usually would have if I had psets to do and exams to study for. My doctor is really nice, and takes me through health precautions I should have while traveling and while abroad- I should take malaria pills every day while there and seven days after I leave, I should spray insect repellant on all exposed skin if I’m outside f or long periods of time, and I absolutely must keep myself hydrated at all times. I have to get three shots. At this point, I’m not even shaken by needles anymore. I had to get eight shots before I travelled to school, and three follow-up shots four months after that. At the nurse’s office, I eye the three gigantic needles laid out on the table and my nonchalant demeanor cracks just a little. They’re massive. I’m scared, but I would never admit it. The nurse makes small talk as she circles round me, and I barely notice her jab the first needle into my right arm. This isn’t so bad. The second one goes in my left arm, and I wince. The third one wasn’t as bad at the second, and we’re done! She tells me I’ve been very brave, and I get three band-aids to show off. Nice. She asks if I need a few minutes to lie down, but I’m already picking up my stuff. I’m ready to go. Back at my dorm, I write out three cards for my professors, teaching assistants and Seminar XL staff. They have been imperative to my progress in my classes this semester, and I need to appreciate them. I pack a few clothes, since Ive rather spontaneously decided to ride out to Providence to visit my friend tonight, and a library book that I need to return, and leave to deliver my cards. One of my TAs isn’t in his office, and I decide to leave his card at the department office. I rummage through my bag but I can’t find it. Oh, yes. I forgot to carry the actual cards. This is why I live in a dorm that’s close to school. I run to EC, get the cards, run back, leave the cards at their respective offices, return my library book and chat with my friend who’s working desk at the library. He has a final the next day but can’t seem to stop himself from watching YouTube music videos. I relate so hard. I walk to Kendall, get on the red line, smile at a cute dog on the train, enjoy the priceless view we get of Boston and the Charles River at the Longfellow bridge, and get off at South Station. The next train to Providence leaves in half an hour, so I’m in good time. I dilly-dally at the station, watch the crowds of people coming and going, till I finally I hear the boarding call for my train. As we queue to get on, I notice the people ahead of me getting their tickets checked- we had to buy tickets? I’d taken this train before, and usually I just get on and pay on the way. I have five minutes to get a ticket before the train leaves. I sprint to the ticket offices, and there’s an actual queue. I’m impatient, but in reality, this is my fault, so I try not to glare at the attendants as I wait my turn. In a few minutes, I have my ticket, and I sprint back to the train. I’m one of the last passengers to get on. Phew. Since I have leeway to be as Unproductive as I want to be, I watch Netflix on the way, occasionally glancing outside to enjoy the view. My arm suddenly develops a painful ache. I’d all but forgotten I had received three jabs earlier. It seems that now my body is out of its initial shock and ready to process the pain. Wonderful. In a few minutes, I can barely move both my arms without grunting in pain. I gulp down a couple of Tylenols which I always keep in my bag for emergencies like these. After a forty-minute train ride, we pull up at Providence Station. Maps lets me know it’s a fifteen-minute walk to my friend’s dorm, and since the weather is wonderful, I don’t mind a little stroll through the beautiful town of Providence. There’s much less traffic than Boston, and it’s much windier, I notice. We buy a substantial amount of Mexican food and chat about our respective semesters, and our first year at college. How much weve changed, and how different we are from the wide- eyed, euphoric, rather clueless people we were a year ago when we first arrived. Its incredible, to say the least. Right before we go to bed, I remember to turn my morning alarms off- the official sign that summer is upon us, and so is sleep, sunshine and spontaneous adventures. Providence

The Personal Is Political - Meaning and Origin

The personal is political was a frequently heard feminist rallying cry, especially during the late 1960s and 1970s. The exact origin of the phrase is unknown and sometimes debated. Many second-wave feminists used the phrase the personal is political or its underlying meaning in their writing, speeches, consciousness-raising, and other activities. The meaning has sometimes been interpreted to mean that political and personal issues affect each other.  It has also meant that the experience of women is the grounding of feminism, both personal and political.  Some have seen it as a kind of practical model for creating feminist theory: begin with the small issues with which you have personal experience, and move from there to the larger systemic issues and dynamics which may explain and/or address those personal dynamics. The Carol Hanisch Essay Feminist and writer Carol Hanischs essay titled The Personal is Political appeared in the anthology Notes From the Second Year: Womens Liberation in 1970. She is therefore often credited with creating the phrase. However, she wrote in an introduction to the 2006 republication of the essay that she did not come up with the title. She believed The Personal Is Political was selected by the editors of the anthology, Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt, who were both feminists involved with the group New York Radical Feminists. Some feminist scholars have noted that by the time the anthology was published in 1970, the personal is political had already become a widely used part of the womens movement and was not a quote attributable to any one person. The Political Meaning Carol Hanischs essay explains the idea behind the phrase the personal is political.  A common debate between personal and political questioned whether womens consciousness-raising groups were a useful part of the political womens movement. According to Hanisch, calling the groups therapy was a misnomer, as the groups were not intended to solve any womens personal problems. Instead, consciousness-raising was a form of political action to elicit discussion about such topics as womens relationships, their roles in marriage, and their feelings about childbearing. The essay came in particular out of her experience in  the Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF) and as part of the womens caucus of that organization, and out of her experience in the New York Radical Women  and the Pro-Woman Line within that group. Her essay The Personal Is Political said that coming to a personal realization of how grim the situation was for women was as important as doing political action such as protests. Hanisch noted that political refers to any power relationships, not just those of government or elected officials. In 2006 Hanisch wrote about how the essays original form came out of her experience of working in male-dominated civil rights, anti-Vietnam War and left (old and new) political groups.  Lip service was given to womens equality, but beyond narrow economic equality, other womens issues were often dismissed.  Hanisch was particularly concerned about the persistence of the idea that womens situation was womens own fault, and perhaps all in their heads.  She also wrote of her regret at not anticipating the ways in which both The Personal Is Political and the Pro-Woman Line would be misused and subject to revisionism. Other Sources Among the influential works cited as bases for the personal is political idea are C. Wright Mills 1959 book The Sociological Imagination, which discusses the intersection of public issues and personal problems, and Claudia Jones 1949 essay An End to the Neglect of the Problems of Negro Women. Another feminist sometimes said to have coined the phrase is Robin Morgan, who founded several feminist organizations and edited the anthology Sisterhood is Powerful, also published in 1970.Gloria Steinem has said that it is impossible to know who first said the personal is political and that saying you coined the phrase the personal is political would be like saying you coined the phrase World War II.  Her 2012 book,  Revolution from Within, has been cited as a later example of the use of the idea that political issues cannot be addressed separately from the personal. Critique Some have critiqued the focus on the personal is political because, they say, it has meant a focus more exclusively on personal issues such as family division of labor, and has ignored systemic sexism and political problems and solutions.

Good Will Hunting Reflection Essay - 1064 Words

The basic process of interpersonal relationships and communicative interactions with others is based primarily on emotions. In the film Good Will Hunting, the characters experience many emotions that impact their interpersonal relationships and communicative interactions. Taking into consideration that each character grew up with a different lifestyle, their interpersonal relationships and communicative interactions are affected in their continuing years. The film allows us to see different personalities in each character and how their emotions affect how they communicate. Characters in the movie Good Will Hunting express a great deal of nonverbal communication. It is one of the key aspects of communication. The†¦show more content†¦The concept of listening responses plays a substantial role in the film. Will and his therapist both reflect a listening response to one another through evaluation. Wills therapist, Sean Maguire, evaluates Will constructively. Sean and Will share that they were both victims of child abuse, and Sean helps Will to realize that the abuse he suffered was not his fault. During his therapy sessions, within time, Will evaluates his relationships with the people he is close with and is able to confront his emotional issues and make decisions about his future. Characters in this film illustrate how important different listening responses correlate with emotions. Emotional fallacies are good examples of how emotions can impact interpersonal relationships and communicative interactions with others. In the film, Will has constant irrational thinking and debilitative emotions. Fallacy of helplessness shows how Will is not determined to find his satisfaction in life. As a result of his child abuse, Will continuously tries to find excuses for what happened in his past, avoiding any confrontation having to do anything about it. In the film, Will feels helpless, so he pushes his emotions aside for others to deal with. Will also illustrates a fallacy of catastrophic expectations. Will consistently experiences rumination. The consistent reoccurring thoughts of the trauma from hisShow MoreRelatedHunting1108 Words   |  5 PagesAre my topic sentences and body paragraphs clear and well developed? Yes, it took me a little time to figure them out. Have I fully supported my thesis with ample supporting details and examples? Yes I believe the essay backs my thesis pretty good. Have I used a sufficient number and variety of sources in my paper? I have used at least two from the required sources and two other ones. Are all of my sources properly cited in the body of my paper according to MLA format? I believeRead MoreThe Between Mccutcheon, Marx, And Nietzsche s Theories On Religion921 Words   |  4 Pagesshows us why people created religion. Marx even says man â€Å"looked for a superhuman being in the fantastic reality of heaven and found nothing there but the reflection of himself (Pals, Introducing Religion, p.146).† This statement explains how man searched for a god and religion on his own. Man was disappointed when all he found was his mere reflection. As Marx says, â€Å"man makes religion, religion does not make man (Pals, Introducing Religion, p.146).† Friedrich Nietzsche accredits religion as nothingRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Second Amendment1250 Words   |  5 Pagestheir weapons. Some individuals immediately think of violence when hearing the word â€Å"gun†. Guns and violence have a lot in relation and that gives the second amendment a very bad reputation. Criminals and terrorists also give guns a negative reflection. Mass murders, gang related shootings, armed burglaries, and homicides are some actions that make people think negatively upon the right to bear arms. These situations are the main things provoking the government to have more control over gunsRead MoreColonial Survival, Prosperity, and Entitlement in the New World1450 Words   |  6 Pagesessentially an unequal exchange, with furs selling in Europe for ten or twenty times what Indians received for them. [Further,] European epidemic disease soon followed in the wake of the traders, and violent warfare broke out between tribes over access to hunting grounds†¦Indians grew dependent upon European suppliers.† (Faragher 39-40) With France engaging the financial benefits of the northern section of the New World and Spanish and Portuguese trading in the central and southern sections, England saw fitRead MoreThe Merchants Of Cool : Film Review1417 Words   |  6 PagesName: Instructor: Course: Date: The Merchants of Cool The Merchants of Cool is a documentary film that investigates the purchasing and offering of cool as a kind of goods. The shoppers of cool are young people in America. They represent the huge sector in modern marketing; they actually create the marketing dynamics, being a profitable consumers. There are many patterns that switch on the request to purchase particular items made by particular brands. So what is it that makes some companies’ beingRead MoreGood Will Hunting And Sean Mcguire Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Disclosure: Finding the Good in Will Hunting’s Self-Concept The focus of this study will revolve around the relationship between Will Hunting and Sean McGuire, characters in the critically acclaimed film Good Will Hunting (See Appendix for a summary). In researching the film and different perspectives of interpersonal communication there could be many arguments made to social classification, how one associates and assumes roles within their particular group such as language, perception,Read MoreCatoctin Mountain Review Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesfull disclosure of estimated fiscal costs for each action. The EIS continued, offering multiple actions that were not investigated due to various documented reasons (NPS USDI, 2006), including the dismissal of public hunting due to congressional legislation prohibiting public hunting in national parks and the unlikelihood of changing the legislation. After describing the alternative actions, the EIS offered the environmental effects of the proposed action alternatives. The cumulative affects wereRead MoreMy Views on Animal Rights1718 Words   |  7 Pagesour animals just as we serve our humans since our animals are loyal to us we in reflection should be just as loyal to them. For example, he writes that when an animal has served his master until his days end, because they have no sense of judgment, therefore the master should have compassion to put his animal down as an act of human kindness. Baumgarten states that how humans behave towards there animals is a reflection of how they treat other humans they come in contact with. The behavior of how humansRead MoreEssay Interpersonal Comm. Good Will Hunting1184 Words   |  5 PagesGood Will Hunting For this assignment I have chosen to focus on the film Good Will Hunting primarily because I have seen the movie prior to this course and I feel it is one of the best films I have gotten a chance to see. Will Huntings profound genius was as much a burden as it was a gift. Initially seeing the film I enjoyed it but viewing the film in the scope of all that I have learned in this course made the viewing experience much more meaningful, as I now had a deeper understanding of WillsRead MoreSummary : Leviathan 1156 Words   |  5 Pagesmore relaxed and my mind begins to wander. The latter is a clear reflection of the parents-free environment. In a similar manner, adult-free environment was given to the kids in Lord of the Flies when their plane crashed into an island. The island lacked the presence of adults or authority; and, thus, kids became more accustomed to anarchy. Due to this lawless environment, the evil human nature gradually overtook Jack and his hunting group and eventual ly led to savagery. Although there is no reason

Dimensions Of Negotiation Free Essays

Negotiation has been an intensely studied and researched topic in the fields of business, politics and psychology since past many years. The importance of negotiation stems from the fact that it is an inter-personal process of communication that involves the principle of direct approach to individuals. With increasing recognition of communication as a premier engaging strategy in conflict resolution and ensuring smooth organizational affairs, a critical parameter for success and growth in today’s environment, negotiation has gained considerable emphasis and focus. We will write a custom essay sample on Dimensions Of Negotiation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although negotiation is a part of communication strategy, today it has emerged as an independent communication system with its own processes and life cycle. The major dimension of negotiation include, negotiation as a process of conflict management, negotiation as a inter-personal process, architecting the process of negotiation, and third party negotiation. Among these , the two major dimensions of negotiation are conflict management and third party intervention. Negotiation and conflict management . Negotiation, as a part of managing conflict, requires interested parties to trade proposals for settlement that include, out of court settlements, business contracts, collective bargaining contract etc (Womack, 1990, 32). As Womack further elaborates, generally the process of negotiation proceeds through motives that are both competitive and cooperative. The approach of communication in the entire process of negotiation is concerned with the messages that are transferred among negotiators and the concerned parties. Communication intervenes in the process of negotiation through its both verbal and nonverbal forms and constitutes the entire base on which the goals and terms of the bargain are negotiated. Communication plays the central role in not only developing the relationship among the parties in conflict, but also in determining its direction. It is also central in every form of bargaining process, whether the bargaining is done for organizational form of conflict management, involves conflict resolution, negotiation on legal agreements or for negotiation in inter-group an intra group conflict. The entire role of communication in negotiation processes and strategies is quite vast and it ranges from defining the conflict issues, selection and implementation of strategies to presenting and defending the viable alternatives and finally helping in reaching on a solution (Womack, 1990, 35). In several studies on communication research, especially those involving game theory, communication was not considered central to the process of negotiation. Experiments showed that even when bargainers and negotiators resorted to communication, it was more for threatening than cooperating and collaborating. Womack quotes Deutsch (1969) to inform that back in 60s communication was considered as an unreliable approach in settling conflicts through negotiations. Moreover, there were fears that poor communication forms could result in misinformation, errors and possible negative outcomes. There was an additional perception that owing to competitive natures of negotiations, effective and open channels of communication were not possible. Some of these findings hold valid in disputes, particularly that are distributive in nature and concern with business and marketing segment, it has been nonetheless observed that where the goal is to achieve integrated goals, a problem solving approach works in excellent way. Womack (1990) further cites Lewicki, Weiss and Lewin, (1988), Fisher and Uri (1981), Lewicki and Litterer (1985) and Walton and Mckersie (1965) to state that negotiator resort to using multiple formal and informal communication channels to redefine the issues, present analysis of causes that offer difficulties in resolving the conflict and finally, through sharing of information and assessment of needs, help to identify the complete range of possible alternatives and solutions that are acceptable to mutual interests and needs of each party in the deal. These approaches lead to negotiation strategies that involve greater participation by conflicting parties, positively contributing to the increased chances of success in reaching settlement through more alternate solution. Some of the communication strategies adopted during negotiations on the group and organization levels in managing conflict include use of fantasy themes, interpretive themes, and stories and rituals that provide scapegoats to the involved parties and give them external reasons to come out with excuses, reasons and justifications to accommodate each other’s behavior, thereby preventing the chances of negotiations being stalled (Womack, 42). It is of first importance that a mediator should present a completely neutral and unbiased image before the conflicting parties to win their confidence and trust in the ability of mediator to help in achieving possible outcome in conflict. The communication skills of mediators should present them as individuals free of gender, racial or ethnic biases. Along with this, successful mediation also requires listening skills on part of the mediator. It helps mediator to understand the current position of each party in the conflict as well inspire them with confidence in the neutrality of the mediator. How to cite Dimensions Of Negotiation, Papers

Deputy Industrial Injuries Commissioner †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Deputy Industrial Injuries Commissioner. Answer: Introduction: Administrative law is considerably the only discipline that seeks to address the legality and morality of actions that may be taken by people and agencies which are mandated with power. This discipline therefore seeks to control and ensure the conformity to the laid principles and that decisions management or actions made can be accounted for. Administrative decisions are one of the most controversial decisions in both legal and scholarly debates. There is a general consensus that decisions are a result of a process that should when examined based on their merits will adequately justify the result reached. This happens so to ensure that Executive acts conform to the law in that each act should plausibly provide a reasonable explanation in order warrant an explanation of powers exercised by state or the agencies of state and even public officers. Every law requires, however unreasoned, irrational, illogical management, or unreasonable they may be, that such reasons when examined , will make no difference if another person in a capacity of a decision-maker might have been able enough to reason the issue in question to that conclusion. When the courts come to interpret the constitutionality of certain decisions it is called a judicial review which determines the conformity of conducts of an administrative agency actions to the laid down law. Judicial review by a court looks only at the lawfulness or legality of the decision its legal merits, you might say, putting aside the policy merits of the decision as a matter outside the portfolio of the courts. This essay will examine the steps that would be taken to challenge the decision of the Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation Flying Dragon Airlines and the decision by the Attorney Generals Department to indict Thor on New charges. It is a general counsel to also challenge their legality by examining the existing legal arguments. In this essay, Flying Dragon Airlines and Thor Thorson will be referred to as Appellant One and Appellant Two respectively. The client Flying Dragon Airlines to appeal the decision by the Minister by seeking a judicial review on the interpretation of the decisions of the Minister pursuant to article 101 and article `103 and for the merits of an administrative decision by the Minister its operations. As an advocate for the Flying Dragon Airline herein, the Appellant One, it would be necessary to advise the client to seek an interpretation of the court on the legality of this decision by looking the issues of concern that the said decision is ought to be premised on and how their possible violation led to the said decision. Such violation The Appellant One, therefore, would seek clarification on a possible commission of contravention of law based on; broad ultra vires, narrow ultra vires, denial of a procedural justice and fairness and if there was an erroneous commission of illegality management in the process of a decision-making. The Appellant One would be advised also to seek a court injunction to stop the decision from being effected and find fault with the decision to suspend its operations. In this instance, Flying Dragon Airlines would consider asking the court to find fault with the Ministers actions as violating the spirit (the moral obligation} and the letter (the constitutionality) of the provision of the said Air Flights Act 2017. To this effect, therefore, the court will be asked to determine that any action within the framework of the statutory power, the Ministers decisions exceeded some of the provisions of the Acts in question or in a way that would be deemed by the court as inappropriate. Inviting court to look into issues that would amount to be types of errors that the courts began to identify under this notion of broader ultra vires based on these issues: Whether the Minister acted on evidence; Whether the Minister acted unreasonably; Whether the Minister misused his exercise of discretionary powers Whether the Minister acted out of malice The law or statutory Acts provide for individuals or state agencies to act within the scope of the powers provided for them expressly or to act in a way that does follow the prescribed method. If an agency acts outside this scope of its statutory powers or in contravention of these powers then these the legitimacy of these powers must be questioned and subjected to review. If a statute requires the agency to do something in a particular way, and it does it in some other way, it has also acted beyond its powers. IT would be of judicial significance to ask the court to interrogate whether the Minister acted in contravention of this said Act by misusing his discretionary powers. No evidence as a ground for the suspension of Flying Dragon Airlines In this principle, any decision must be made upon establishment of evidence subject an independent investigation process that may bring incriminating issues on the conduct of the affected party. [4] This provides the ground for misuse of discretionary power and is seemingly one of the bases of the violation of the letter of the law by acts of ulterior acts. It was not proper for the Minister to have relied on an article appearing on a newspaper column that suggested Alice had knowledge that their flights were unsafe. In my opinion and in the words of Alice her decision to advise her nephew Julian out of applying for a job as a fight steward with Flying Dragon was informed by her good will of not wanting to appear nepotistic and conflict of interest. That the Minister did not process an investigation that would be sufficient to suspend all flights by Flying Dragon Airlines, ABN 111-000-000. It is evident that the response given by Alice her letter on 21 July 2018 to the Ministers letter of inquiry 15 July 2018. Preceding the Ministers decision to suspend the airline was based on an anonymous and analogous evidence presented on an unknown and unofficial site by pseudo-individual. This would not meet the evidential threshold to inform his decisions. A decision-maker need to advise a party of adverse tentative findings or give a person who might be adversely affected a draft report to comment on their take before a decision is finally reached. [5] Justice Doussa J. found it significant that any actions that affect any party be in conflict or for whatever application before any agency must be noted of the findings and the consequences of such findings. In this the appellant herein, Flying Dragon Airline would seek to challenge any logic of an exercise of a statutory power on by the person in question and in this case the Minister. Establishing here is that the reason or motive for the decision is to be deduced by an extrapolation of facts upon which such a decision would be based. If established that a decision is improperly made and abuse of power deduced to have occurred, the only justification for the existence of abuse of power in the process of making a decision upon inferred facts, then, that decision has to be rendered null.[6] It is absurd and so injurious to the decision that the Minister not only on no evidence basis but also in the interest of his informant who is a cousin of a CEO of a rival airline, Victory Airlines. What one would deduce from this is that the failure by the Minister to give an evidentiary suspension did not only show malice but also a misuse of power bestowed on him or her. The decision of suspension would only be appropriately reached if such a decision would be an end-product of an investigation. And that failure to conduct such an investigation made the establishment of fact hard for proof. The court should find this decision irrational as it is merely based on speculation and some unknown website printout from a pseudo-author in the case of Appellant One. Citing the authority a decision can be invalidated of for being unreasonable when found to be containing irreconcilable arithmetical mistakes. The decision here should be invalidated as being unreasonable as it broadly depends on the Pseudo-web print outs or bureaucratic nature of the Minister of wanting the airline to pay for not responding to his letter as he had expected. Similarly, the prosecutors arguments in Appellant Twos case seem to be unreasonable enough not to understand the rationale of double-jeopardy and the fact that the courts had acquitted them on every ground seemingly presented before the court by the prosecution on their failure to conclusively make their case against him. It must not be misconstrued that the Appellant One recognizes the Minister as a very reasonable decision-maker. The argument is that the decision to suspend the airline must be seen as an unreasonable decision, not because the decision-maker was unreasonable, but because the decision-maker made a mistake of law. [7] Consequently, Appellant Twos case finds the decision as bad as it is due to the unreasonableness of even jeopardizing his situation by downing the flight he was to be board on the eve of his departure. The prosecutors argument is also prejudicial. The independent grounds that have been identified points to several issues including fraud and bad faith under the review of Administrative Decisions Judicial Review Acts in the legal world. It is no doubt that is an ongoing debate and consideration. The grounds here seek to fact-find that a discretionary power or statutory power bestowed on an agency or individual is enforced in a way that shows malice, untruthful, or even ill motives. Here the Minister by seeming to subvert the rule of law for a fair hearing and not providing a detailed reason for the suspension of the airline seems to act in bad faith, surprisingly to the advantage of the rival airlines. Established in this case is an instance where an administrator with ulterior motives or intentions thereby eliciting the reason to believe that the Minister misuses a statutory power for the purpose of defeating the statutory rights of Original inhabitants of the region in question therein under the laws that provide for the fundamental land rights for all individuals. Presumed, apprehended, apparent or ostensible bias This form of bias arises from situations which elicit a reason for suspicion or even an establishment of bias from any fair-minded observer.[10] One who by all ideals have no interest in the said process but would be a fair judge in his or her own evaluation. The labeled allegations were barely malicious to edge the competitor airline out of business so that to give his a competitive advantage of the market. The Minister seemingly acted of bias in favour of the rival company, Victory Airlines, whose director is the informant to the Minister and a public servant. It would be advisable for Appellant Two to seek a judicial review on the merits of such eminent prosecution. The argument is that Thor had been acquitted. And arresting him would only mean a case of double-jeopardy. Whether these two are inter-related or not, is not suffice the Ministers decision to suspend the flight. But again it would be in bad faith for the prosecutor to try to indict Thor of other crimes based on the same evidence that had suffered a judicial and procedural deficiency. It is therefore in the best interests of the letter of the law that Thor file a demurrer to evidence and double-jeopardy motions with the appellate court. Thus, an acquittal would mean that any cause and course to indict Thor of any charges is prohibited under double jeopardy principles. On the demurrer to evidence, Thor can find fault with the evidence provided by the prosecution. Bibliography Round, Tom, Study Guide for LAW00117 Administrative Law (School of Law Justice; Southern Cross University, 2016) Rares, Steven. Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions; Should There be a 21st-Century Rethink? (Speech, UNSW, 15 October 2014. Federal Court of Australia.) www.fedcourt.gov.au/digital-law-library/judges-speeches/justice-rares/rares-j-20141015. Accessed on 28 September 2017. Ashbridge Investments v Minister of Housing and Local Government (1965) 1 WLR 1320. In R v Deputy Industrial Injuries Commissioner; Ex parte Moore (1965) 1 QB 456; In Coleen Properties v Minister of Housing and Local Government (1971) 1 WLR 433. Meadows v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (1998) 90 FCR 370, www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/1998/1706.html Thompson v Randwick Municipal Corporation, (1950) 81 CLR 87 [9.2.14C], www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1950/33. National Trust of Australia v Minister for Lands, Planning and Environment (1997) 142 FLR 125, www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nt/NTSC/1997/177.html Minister for Primary Industries Energy v Austral Fisheries Pty Ltd (1993) 40 FCR 381, www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/1993/45. Jones, Melinda Douglas, Roger Neil. Douglas and Jones's Administrative Law (Annandale N.S.W: The Federation Press, 2002) Connolly Anthony J, The Foundations of Australian Public Law (Cambridge Port Melbourne, VIC Cambridge University Press, 2017) R v Toohey (Aboriginal Land Commissioner); Ex parte Northern Land Council,(1981) 151 CLR 170 [2.3.10C] Livesey v NSW Bar Association (1983) 151 CLR 288 [10.5.25C], www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1983/17.html Demurrer to evidence. (In BATASnatin library. n.d.), https://www.batasnatin.com/law-library/remedial-law/criminal-procedure/653-demurrer-to-evidence.html

Fascism Essays (641 words) - World War II, Politics,

Fascism Fascism "President Roosevelt recognized the dangers of fascism early and did all that he could, under the circumstances, to lead the nation away form a policy of isolationism." When the war broke out, there was no way that the world could possibly know the severity of it. Fortunately, one country saw and understood that Germany and its allies would have to be stopped. America's involvement in World War II not only contributed to the eventual downfall of the insane Adolph Hitler and his Third Reich, but it also came that the precise time and moment. Had the United States entered the war any earlier, the consequences could have been worse. There are several different incidents where President Roosevelt showed this philosophy through some of his actions. The Munich agreement is the first of many instances where Roosevelt and the issue of isolationism are tested. It started as a conference on September 29, with Eduard Daladier from France, Neville Chamberlain from England, Mussolini from Italy, and Hitler in attendance. The agreement that was eventually signed by France, Germany, Great Britain, and Germany "stipulated that the evacuation of the Sutedenland will begin on October 1st and be completed by October 10th." (Lipson, 408) Chamberlain thought that he had achieved peace, "but the Agreement quickly became a symbol of the western powers' appeasement to Hitler." (Internet) "Hitler gained all that he had asked for, and Chamberlain went home deluded into believing he had purchased peace." (Sulzberger, 50) The British people didn't like this agreement too much, feeling that they had "surrendered to the threat of force." (Lipson, 408) Hitler said at that conference that Rhineland would be the last place that he would invade. This was, in fact, a complete lie. It was his eventual invasion of Poland in 1939 that brought upon the full-scale war. As the problems increased in Europe, people were afraid that the whole problem would wind up spreading over to the United States. This was the last thing that we would want to happen, having just come out of the depression and all. The Neutrality Act of 1937, which embargoed arms to belligerent nations, was repealed, and"arms exports were put on a "cash and carry" basis, to the advantage of the Allies, who controlled the seas." (Sulzberger, 134) This was declared by the Neutrality Act of 1939. It basically said European democracies could purchase American materials, only on the account that they pay cash and transport them on their own ships. This act basically removed us from the neutral position, and put us in on the side of the Allies. The Destroyers for Bases Deal was another way that Roosevelt removed the United States from neutrality. The U.S. took the initiative to help the British out on September 3, 1939, "when fifty overage destroyers were transferred to England, in return for American rights to build bases in British possessions in the Caribbean and the western Atlantic." (Sulzberger, 134) The destroyers that were traded to the British were old World War I types, "but still able to fight Nazi U-boats." (Sulzberger, 134) The U.S. was back into a corner when Churchill told Roosevelt "the perilous position which the United States would occupy if British resistance collapsed and Hitler became master of Europe, with all its dockyards and navies." (Churchill, 107) With that thought in mind, Roosevelt basically had no choice but to aid the Allies in their time of war. If Hitler gained control of Europe, his power would eventually spread to all other parts of the world. Roosevelt was backed into a corner with all of these conditions, and he really had no choice but to initially aid the Allies, and eventually fight on their side. Hitler in control would have caused many problems, and it was the last thing that the world needed. He was an insane person that had no place in control of anything, let alone a country. He managed to condition the people that he led into doing what he wanted them to do, and they did it without questioning him, for fear of death.

Carters Paper

Carters Paper Carters Paper Carter Luedtke Mr. Bakker English 9 7 May 2013 Fighting: Not Always the Answer We all love to have fights, but sometimes it isn’t the answer especially when there are lives at stake. Romeo and Juliet shows a lot of examples of fighting that don’t end in very good terms. The fighting between the two families had a big effect because of course they lost several lives that could have been avoided. There are also many examples of this kind of conflict now a days with gangs all around the globe. The two families are basically a gang in a fantasy world so they could relate to the unnecessary fighting. Romeo and Juliet is relevant today because it shows fighting isn’t always the answer. In the story, all of the fighting between the two families was obviously a feud that happened in the past. The two families were probably once good friends, but something happened and they somehow couldn't let the past go. The fighting between the Capulets and Montagues lost 5 lives. Romeo, Juliet, Mercutio, Montagues Wife, and Pari s were all victims in this pointless fighting. a religious man Friar Laurence even said, â€Å"But come, young waverer, come, go with me, In one respect I'll thy assistant be; For this alliance may so happy prove, To turn your households' rancour to pure love.(2.3.9),† which basically means that even he thinks that the fighting is not the answer and they should be united. If they never had a feud in the first place, Romeo and Juliet didn't have to hide their love for eachother. Fighting in the story was in fact solved by the deaths, but the deaths are still more extraordinary than the feud. The Prince even told the two families about their actions and how the life of their relatives are more important. The Prince said, â€Å"Where be these enemies? Capulet! Montague!See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate,That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love.And I for winking at your discords too Have lost a brace of kinsmen: all are punished.† (5.3.291). The famili es even got punished for their actions which is very much like todays system with gangs and other types of family clans. Gangs now a days are more than likely to get punished for whatever they do that is troublesome. Like in Romeo and Juliet you could argue that the families are the cause of death of Romeo, Juliet. Paris, Montagues Wife, and Benvolio. When you get thrown in jail for fighting, is the

ETH501, Business Ethics, Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

ETH501, Business Ethics, Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example This means that workers will not be treated according to their skills or their performance but on the basis of the genes that they are bestowed with. This kind of practice is unethical as it does not treat workers according to the merit but on the basis of the factors over which the workers have no control. It may ultimately lead unrest among the work place and workplace violence may increase as a result of genetic testing. By knowing their genetic capabilities, people will pair them with those who have similar genetic system and will feel angered and aggravated towards people who have different set of genes. This is again unethical because people will be hired, fired and promoted on the basis of their genes and not on the basis of their performance or merit. If we look at it in a broader perspective, we can conclude that since people will be hired on the basis of their genes and not on the basis of their aptitude, their work is less likely to be as efficient as those selected on mer it. Now, we can link it with the ethics of efficient resource usage and can easily conclude that due to incompetent people being hired due to discrimination on the basis of genes, the output of the firm using the specified amount of resources will be less than if people would have been hired on the basis of their competencies and merit. As a result, the firm will make a lesser profit than they should make, the world will get a lesser output than what it should have and in general the whole will suffer as a result of discriminatory practices. This discrimination can also be linked to another very important ethical framework of deontology to conclude that workplace discrimination is bad in all cases. Deontology principle states that regardless of the outcomes, the wrong thing is always wrong. This means that if we commit wrong deed but the reward of these deeds is positive, even in such cases, the wrong actions should not be undertake. Suppose, that you

Marketing Management Tesco&Asda Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Management Tesco&Asda - Case Study Example It considers all the future cash flows of that customer arising from him consuming in the future. Customer relationship management should lead to increased CLV. When one thinks of maximizing CLV, one has to take a long term perspective and hence focus on customer retention rather than just making a sale. This, coupled with the concept of the Pareto principle - that 80% of a company's sales come from 20% of their customers - has made firms have realized that retaining that 20% is integral to their increased profitability (Jobber, Lancastor, 2006) Tesco is the UK's biggest retiler chin who sells everything to stisfy customers' needs such s books, grocery, household equipment, flowers, wine etc. (yhoo finnce 2003) Tesco hve stores in UK, republic of Irelnd, Frnce, Hungry, Polnd, Czech Republic, Thilnd, South Kore nd Tiwn. Through these stores they employ 260 000 people which 65,000 of these re employed overses tht giving them ccess to popultion of 280m cross 10 mrkets. Their gol is to crete 21 000 new jobs in the coming yer. Their min mrket is in the UK where 55 new Tesco stores where opened in 2002, which results in 729 stores now. Their profit in 2002 ws 1,221m before tx compred to previous yer when the result 1,070m. The Tesco group re lso offering non-food division nd retiling services. The non-food division consists of their own opticins. In order to mke it esier for customers for tht reson they cn buy both their grocery nd medicine t the sme time. Tesco re lso the owner of gs sttions. The retil services re offering personl finnce such s life insurnce nd generl insurnce (home, cr, pet, trvel), credit crds nd lons nd sving schemes nd their own webpge (yhoo finnce 2003). s of its 2006 yer end Tesco ws the fourth lrgest retiler in the world. The three lrgest re Wl-Mrt, Crrefour nd Home Depot. METRO ws only just behind nd might move hed gin if the euro strengthens ginst the pound, but METRO's sles include mny billions of wholesle turnover, nd its retil turnover is much less thn Tesco's. t 25 Februry 2006 Tesco operted 1,897 stores in the UK (25.9 million squre feet, 2.395 million m) nd 814 outside the UK (32.8 million squre feet, 3.02 million m). In the UK, there re 83 Tesco Extr stores; 447 Tesco superstores; 161 Tesco Metro stores; 277 Tesco Express stores nd 910 recently-cquired T&S stores still to be converted (see 'Moving in on the convenience ("c-store") sector', below. Tesco's mrket cpitlistion on 31 December 2005 ws 26.035 billion ($44.8 billion), which ws the lrgest of ny retiler bsed outside the United Sttes. Tesco is incresingly trget for people in the UK who dispprove of the effects supermrket chins cn hve on frmers, suppliers nd smller competitors. sd SD ws founded in 1965 when group of Yorkshire frmers decided to go together. SD's successes led to prtnership with the Wl-Mrt fmily from U.S. in 1999. The mission SD hs is to be "Britin's best vlue retiler, exceeding customers needs", (SD 2003) offering prices 10% lower thn min competitors on product such s fresh food, clothing, home, leisure nd entertinment goods etc. The compny lso offers hll lmb nd chicken to meet the demnd of Muslim customers, this long with rnge of ethnic foods, found in Hong Kong nd Jmic. SD ssures tht the "slughter process re crefully set nd monitored by SD's Product Development Tem". (SD 2003) SD hs currently 255 stores nd 19 storehouses throughout the UK nd is plnning to open 10 new stores

Leadership Styles in Sainsburys

Leadership Styles in Sainsburys ABSTRACT Nowadays we can distinguish many different types of leadership styles. Some of them are respected by employees, but on the other hand there are also styles which are considered very poorly. This paper presents and explores leadership styles based on the observations of managers in Sainsburys Nine Elms. In the first part research question has been formed and discussed. The second part is a literature review, with characteristic of most popular leadership styles. In the third part, methodology which will be used for research and to find an answer on research question will be discussed. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1. RATIONALE Human resource management is a series of activities which, first enables working people and the organisation which uses their skills to agree about the objectives and nature of their working relationship. Secondly, ensures that the agreement is fulfilled. (Torrington, 2008) This research project will be based on a field, which is human resource. One of the topics which should be explored in reference to human resources is leadership style. In an effective leadership situation, the leader is a catalyst and servant whose leadership style is support, advocating and empowerment. While in an ineffective leadership situation, the leader is a pushover whose leadership style is abdication and fraud. Human Resource Leaders believe in people and communicate that belief; they are visible and accessible; they empower, increase participation, support, share information and move decision making down into the organization. We recognize effective leaders when we work with them or observe them. However many different ways exist for defining who leaders are and when they are effective. Dictionaries define leading as guiding and directing on a course. A leader is someone with commanding authority or influence. Researchers have developed many working definitions of leadership. According to Nahavandi (2009) leader is a person who influence individuals and groups within an organization, helps them in establishing goals and guides them toward achievement of those goals, thereby allowing them to be effective. Leadership is a function more than a role. Good leaders are made not born. 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION Research Question is a statement that identifies the phenomenon to be studied. The research question, which I am going to study is: How does the leadership style affect employees performance in the organisation? The research will be based on the case study, which is supermarket. Sainsburys Nine Elms is a place where I have been working for over 3 years. I have a contact with managers every day and whats more I am familiar with different styles of leadership. This experience helps me to formulate the following hypothesis: positive and accurate leadership style motivates people to good and effective work. To find an answer on my research question and to confirm my hypothesis, I will do some qualitative research. This type of research is designed to tell the researcher how and why the things happen as they actually do. It helps to achieve an in-depth understanding of a situation. . 1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY Positive atmosphere in the work place is a very important factor and has a big influence on employees job. This is why the way how leaders and managers behave is so important. Unfortunately my long-time observations prove that managers very often do not even realize what kind of mistakes they do. They do not understand that their inappropriate way of behaviour, has an influence on peoples work and effectiveness of the organization. The aim of this report, based on literature review, is to describe the most valuable and effective leadership styles. Moreover the most negative styles will be considered, those which are not approved of by employees. Finally some interviews with Sainsburys Nine Elms employees will be made to gather their opinions and verify my hypothesis. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 LEADERSHIP STYLES IN EARLY XX Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Lewin (1939) led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership. This early study has been very influential and established three major leadership styles: autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire. In the past several decades, there has been a significant revolution in how the leadership is defined by management experts. Their approach has changed from a classical one to a very innovative, democratic approach. Although it was also determined that some old ideas were still good whereas some of the new ones were not perfect. The key is to use different styles depending on each situation so leaders have to approach every case in a different way. LEADERSHIP STYLES TODAY There are four primary leadership styles, many of them we can find within most businesses or organizations around the world. These styles are: Autocratic Democratic Laissez-faire Bureaucratic Each of the leadership styles has impact on employee performance in the company. There are short and long-term effects of each style. For instance, the authoritative style may produce great results in a short amount of time. However, excessive use of authority will decrease productivity in the long-term. People either get fed up and leave or fall into a malaise of hum-drum repetitive tasks without creativity and innovation. (Sadler, 2003) AUTOCRATIC STYLE The autocratic leadership style is very often regarded as an old fashioned technique. It was a very popular style among managers commanding subordinates and it is still used around the world. This style basically comes natural to many leaders and brings many benefits, thus many managers start to lead using this style and try to improve it when pursuing their own leadership development. This style is used when leaders inform their employees what they want done and how they want it attained, without being advised by their followers. Furthermore when leaders are short on time, they have all information needed to achieve a goal and employees are enthused, autocratic still is also common. Nevertheless it should be used occasionally and with big carefulness. Having a lot of time and dealing with highly motivated workers it is better to use democratic style. DEMOCRATIC STYLE The democratic leadership style is also named the participative style due to the fact that it encourages one or more employees to be a part of the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). Nevertheless it is the leader who makes the final decision and maintains authority. Definitely this style strengthens the position of the leader which is respected by his employees. When information and data is divided between the leader and employees, democratic style is used very often. Managers are not expected to be familiar with everything, this is why they employ knowledgeable and competent employees. Concluding, using this style is of mutual benefit, because employees can become a part of the team and on the other hand leaders can make better decisions. LAISSEZ-FAIRE STYLE The laissez-faire leadership style is also known as the hands-off ¨ style. This style is based on making the decisions by employees whenever the leader let them. Even though, he is still responsible for all the decisions. This style is used usually when employees are able to decide what needs to be done and how. They also should have good analytical skills. Leaders only set most of the priorities for their team and divide tasks between employees. This style should be used only when leaders are confident about his people and trust them no matter what. It should not be used as a way of blaming employees of made mistakes. BUREAUCRATIC STYLE The bureaucratic leadership follow the rules rigorously and guarantee that staff follows procedures accurately. In this kind of style everything must be done according to the rules or policy. This is a very appropriate style for work involving serious safety risks (such as working with heavy equipment, with toxic substances, or at dangerous heights) or where large sums of money are involved (such as handling cash). If manager is not capable of making decision on his own, he refers to the next level above him or her. The role of the leader is very similar to a police officer. OTHER LEADERSHIP STYLES There are a number of different approaches or styles to leadership and management that are based on different assumptions and theories. The style that individuals use will be based on a combination of their beliefs, values and preferences, as well as the organizational culture and norms which will encourage some styles and discourage others. CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP A charismatic leadership style can seem similar to transformational leadership, because these leaders inspire lots of enthusiasm in their teams and are very energetic in driving others forward. However, charismatic leaders tend to believe more in themselves than in their teams. As a result this creates a risk that a project or even an entire organization might collapse if the leader leaves. In the eyes of the followers, success is directly connected to the presence of the charismatic leader. Therefore charismatic leadership carries great responsibility and requires a long-term commitment from the leader. It is interesting to watch a charismatic leader working the room as they move from person to person. They pay much attention to the person they are talking to at a particular moment, so this person very often feels like a most important person in the world. Charismatic leaders focus as well on scanning and reading their environment and are also good at picking up the moods and concer ns of both individuals and larger audiences. Then they will hone their actions and words to suit the situation. (Conger Kanungo, 1998) PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP A Participative Leader, rather than taking autocratic decisions, seeks to involve other people in the process, possibly including subordinates, peers and superiors. However, managers are still very important, as they decide whether to give or deny control to their subordinates. Most participative activity can be observed within the immediate team. The question of how much independence others are given thus may vary on the managers preferences and inclinations. A whole spectrum of participation is possible, as in the table below. Highly participative > Autocratic decision by leader Leader proposes decision, listens to feedback, then decides Team proposes decision, leader has final decision Joint decision with team as equals Full delegation of decision to team The level of participation may also depend on the type of decision being made. Decisions on how to accomplish goals may be highly participative, whereas decisions during subordinate performance evaluations are more likely to be taken by the manager TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP This style of leadership starts with the idea that team members agree to obey their leader completely when they accept a job. The term transaction means that usually the organization pays the team members in return for their hard effort and compliance. If they do not work as stated in the agreement, they might be punished by the leader. In this style rules are very clear and reward system is introduced for the hardest working subordinates. Moreover, punishments are also possible and formal systems of discipline are quite common. The leader can give an opportunity for his team members to have an impact on their income. It happens when they work harder which cause greater productivity. Alternatively, a transactional leader could practice management by exception rather than rewarding better work. In fact transactional leadership is rather type of management than an actual leadership style. It focus basically on short-term task and is not suitable for a creative work. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP People with this leadership style are true leaders who inspire their teams constantly with a shared vision of the future. While this leaders enthusiasm is often passed onto the team they can be supported by detail people. Thats why, in many organizations, both transactional and transformational leadership are essential. The transactional leaders (or managers) ensure that routine work is done consistently, while the transformational leaders look after initiatives that add value. Working for a transformational leader can be a brilliant and uplifting experience. Whatever they do they put passion and energy into it. They care about team and want them to succeed. Transformational leaders also tend to see the big picture, but not the details. So if they do not have people to pay attention on this level of information, then they are usually doomed to fail. Finally, transformational leaders, by definition, seek to transform and develop. When the organization does not transform and nobody com plain about his fact, then such a leader will be frustrated. Like wartime leaders, however, given the right situation they come into their own and can be personally responsible for saving entire companies. (Burns, 1978) TASK ORIENTED LEADERSHIP Highly task-oriented leaders focus only on getting the job done, so as a result they can be quite autocratic. They actively define the work and the roles demanded, put structures in plan and place, then they organize it and finally monitor. However, there is a danger connected with this style, that it might suffer the same drawbacks as autocratic style. Leaders do not pay to much attention about their team members as they focus only on finishing the task. PEOPLE ORIENTED (RELATIONS ORIENTED) LEADERSHIP This is the opposite of task-oriented leadership. In this style leaders are completely focused on organizing, supporting, and developing the people in their teams. It might be compared to a participative style as it has similar assumptions. Most valued are team cooperation and creativity. In practice, very often leaders tend to use both task-oriented and people-oriented styles of leadership. SERVANT LEADERSHIP This term was created by Robert Greenleaf, describes a leader who is often not formally recognized as such. He says that true leadership emerges from those whose primary motivation is a deep desire to help others. Servant leadership is a very moral position, putting the well-being of the followers before other goals. When someone, at any level within an organization, leads simply by meeting the needs of the team, he or she is described as a servant leader. In many ways, servant leadership is a form of democratic leadership, because the whole team tends to be involved in decision making. Supporters of the servant leadership model recommend it as an important way to move ahead in a world where values are increasingly important and where servant leaders achieve power on the basis of their values and ideals. Others state that in competitive leadership situations, people who practice servant leadership can find themselves left behind by leaders using other leadership styles. (Greenleaf, 1 977) SAINSBURYS NINE ELMS- CASE STUDY J Sainsbury plc was founded in 1869 by John James and Mary Ann Sainsbury. Drury Lane was one of Londons poorest areas and the Sainsburys shop quickly became popular there for offering high-quality products at low prices. Today Sainsburys is the UKs longest standing and third largest supermarket. Operates a total of 872 stores comprising 537 supermarkets and 335 convenience stores, as well as Sainsburys Bank. Sainsburys employs over 160 000 colleagues and serves over 19 million customers a week. The store Sainsburys Nine Elms was open in February 1982 with 100 employee and 3 departments. Within almost 30 years the store has changed a lot. Today the store has 346 employees and 11 departments. Every department has its own department manager plus store manager and 3 DU store managers. Most of the managers are male, only 2 female and all of them between 26-45 years old. And every one of them represents different style of leadership. From very strict and autocratic through task oriented leadership till completely laissez-faire style. Leadership style is very important in a company or a firm. This is because a leaders job is to help everyone e.g. the leader can help workers in a company by training them to improve their skills at work. Leadership style inspires people to achieve demanding goods. Leadership explains many different approaches that can be taken to be an effective leader. Good leaders are made and not born. They develop themselves through a never ending process of self-study, education, training and experience. 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 RESEARCH METHODS There are two measure research methods: quantitative and qualitative. Some researcher prefers to take a quantitative approach to address their research question and design study that involves collecting quantitative data and analysing those using statistical methods. Other opportunity is qualitative method, which involves collecting qualitative data and analysing them by using interpretative methods. (Collis Hussey, 2009) For this project the most suitable method will be qualitative. Figure bellow shows, how the qualitative research and research process should goes. Figure 1: Qualitative Research and Research Process (Cooper Schindler, 2008) 3.2 QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES According to Cooper and Schindler (2008) qualitative techniques are used at both the data collection and data analysis stages of a research project. This project will be based on primary data and inductive method. Three techniques will be used to collect the data: individual interview, case studies and research observation. 3.2.1 INTERVIEW The interview is the primary data collection technique. They vary depending on the number of people involved during the interview, the level of structure, the proximity of the interviewer to the numbers of interviews conducted during the research. There are 3 ways of interviewing: à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ unstructured interview- no specific questions or order of topic to be discussed. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ semi structured interview- starts with few specific questions and then additional questions are asked with reference to the answers from opening questions à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼ structured interview- specific, detailed questions, normally with open-ending Most of the qualitative research is made on unstructured or semi structured interview. It enables the interviewer to ask additional questions during the interview to gain more information. Many interviews are made face-to-face, which increase the quality of the interview. This kind of interview is more valuable than an interview by phone or online, because it allows the interviewer to observe nonverbal behaviour of the people. It is very important for the interviewer to have at least a basic knowledge about making an interview. Knowing how to gains someones trust and how to encourage answering questions honestly is definitely significant. Usually the interviewer is responsible for generating the interview, questions or topic to be discussed and what the order should be. The figure bellow shows the hierarchical questioning structure. Figure 2: The interview Question Hierarchy (Cooper Schindler, 2008) 3. 2. 2 CASE STUDY The case study (case history) is a very significant research methodology that includes individual and (sometimes) group interviews with record analysis and observation. Firstly researchers gain information from company brochures, annual reports, magazines and newspapers articles, and then together with direct observation, they finally combine it with interview data from members. The aim of this method is to obtain multiple perspectives of a single organisation. The case study should have a case which is the object of study. It should have the following characteristics: a complex functioning unit; investigated in its natural context with a multitude of methods and be a contemporary one. Yin (1993) has identified some specific types of case studies: Exploratory cases are sometimes considered as a prelude to social research. Explanatory case studies may be used for doing causal investigations. Descriptive cases require a descriptive theory to be developed before starting the project. Stake (1995) included three others case studies, which are: Intrinsic cases when the researcher has an interest in the case. Instrumental cases when the case is used to understand more than what is obvious to the observer. Collective cases when a group of cases is studied. 3. 2. 3 OBSERVATION Observation involves looking and listening very carefully. It is very common that people observe each other, although they do not look for anything particular and do not discover any reasonable information about their behaviour. It is possible to distinguish different relationship between observer and participant, view from three perspectives: Directness of Observation Concealment Participation Direct observation, when the observer is physically present and personally monitors what takes place. In this kind of observation, it possible for the observer to respond to certain aspects of human behaviour as they occur, therefore this method is very flexible. Indirect observation, when the recording is done by mechanical, photographic or electronic means. In comparison to the direct observation, the indirect one is less flexible. But on the other hand permanent data can be reanalysed many times so many different aspects of an event can be included. Another factor which affects relationship observer and participant is concealment. The question is, whether the observer should reveal himself. From the psychological point of view, it might be damaging (it has negative influence on the observation outcome) because people who know that are being observed, do not behave normally. On the other hand, hidden observation is a form of spying and the propriety of this action must be reviewed carefully. The best scenario is to reveal that people are being observed but the objectives and participant of interest are hidden. The last type of relationship is based on the observer participation in the whole situation while observing. Participant observation often requires months or years of intensive work, due to the fact that researcher needs to become accepted as a natural part of the culture. By doing this it is most likely that the observation will be of the natural phenomenon. Besides collecting data visually by observation, we can also use communication. The figure below describes the conditions under which observation is an appropriate method for data collection. Figure 3: Selecting the Data Collection Method (Cooper Schindler, 2008) Before starting the observation, it is necessary to make a good plan. Helpful might be finding the answers for this few important questions: WHO? Who do we want to observe? Does a person suit our criteria? WHAT? What do we want to observe? What are we concerned about? What is the aim of our observation? How long or what period of time? How often (daily, few times a week)? How many hours? WHEN? When do we want start our observation? Is there some specific period of time (for example Christmas time)? HOW? Will the data be directly observed? How many people will be observe? WHERE? Where does the observation take place? The location of the observation? 3.3 RESEARCH PROCESS ONION The research methodology of the present dissertation proposal is influenced and structured by the research process onion, which was developed and introduced by Saunders et al. (2003). The figure below illustrates the relationships between research philosophies, research methodologies, data collection methods, and more. Figure 4: Research Process ONION 4.0 CONCLUSION Concluding, so far in this report leadership styles has been explored and precisely described. The influence of each leadership style on the employees has been investigated as well. In the methodology part, qualitative method has been discussed which will be used for the research. It will be based on three different methods which are: interview, case study and observation. Case study of this report will be the place of my employment which is Sainsburys Supermarket which also has been briefly described.

Theme of Guilt in Hamlet & Fifth Business

There is one human emotion that can paralyse us, lead us to lie both to ourselves and others, to commit actions that we don’t endure, and to cripple any rational thought processes. It is self perpetuating if allowed to get out of control. Its side effects are anger, aggressiveness, fear or reclusiveness. Its symptoms are irrational behaviour, lying, anguish, and lack of self-esteem. It is the strong emotion that can affect our conscience, like an acid drop it corrodes the soul within and in extreme conditions it demolishes one’s life, it is better known as guilt. Guilt is a reoccurring theme in Robertson Davies’ Fifth Business, and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, that is demonstrated by various characters including, Dunstable Ramsay, Paul Dempster, Hamlet and Claudius and this essay shall compare the theme of guilt between the two literatures. In the novel Fifth Business, guilt is a plague that has spread throughout the lives of Dunstan Ramsay, and Paul Dempster; both characters are drenched with guilt that was a result of a tragic incident caused by Percy Staunton Boyd when he threw the snowball and it â€Å"hit Mrs. Dempster on the back of the head. † (Davies, 2). Dunstan experiences guilt early on in his childhood, realizing it is him who ultimately caused the premature labour of Paul, â€Å"Nevertheless this conversation reheated my strong sense of guilt and responsibility about Paul. † (Davies, 136). As the guilt overtakes his life, Dunny compares what he is feeling to what dying feels like and questions whether that would be better than dealing with this overwhelming guilt: â€Å"Ah, if dying were all there was to it! Hell and torment at once, but at least you know where you stand. It is living with these guilty secrets that exacts the price† (Davies, 19). Born prematurely, Paul Dempster was convicted of being guilty as he was responsible for robbing his mother of her sanity, as explained to him by his father, Amasa Dempster, â€Å"My father always told me it was my birth that robbed her of her sanity. So as a child I had to carry the weight of my mother’s madness as something that was my own doing. † (Davies, 148). Moreover Paul was forced to feel the guilt at a young age, causing him to become frustrated, and that is when he decides to escape from Deptford and runs away with Le grand Cirque forain des St. Vite (Davies, 148), â€Å"‘He was my only teacher till I ran away with a circus. † (Davies, 265). Equivalently in the play Hamlet, the theme of guilt was developed through Hamlet and his most hateful enemy, King Claudius. Hamlet experiences guilt when he recognizes that he has not yet avenged his father’s death and in Act I Scene ii Hamlet reveals that he is upset and disappointed with himself, as he has not taken any actions to attain revenge from Claudius, the murderer of his father. Hamlet then calls himself, â€Å"a peasant slave† and questions, â€Å"What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, That he should weep for her? What would he do, Had he motive and cue for passion That I have? † (Shakespeare, II, ii, 529. 38-541). Furthermore, Hamlet later decides to relief his overwhelming guilt by commanding the actors to re-enact his father’s death through The Murder of Gonzago, (Shakespeare, III, ii, 284), in order to confirm that the ghost was being truthful and Claudius did kill his father, â€Å"May be the devil, and the devil hath power T' assume a pleasing shape. Yea, and perhaps Out of my weakness and my melancholy, As he is very potent with such spirits, Abuses me to da mn me. I’ll have grounds More relative than this. The play’s the thing Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the king. † (Shakespeare, II, ii, 561- 567). Eagerly wanting the throne Claudius murdered his brother, King Hamlet by poisoning him when he was sleeping in the garden, â€Å"He poisons him i’ th’ garden for‘s estate. † (Shakespeare, III, ii, 246); his crime was soon revealed by the intelligent Hamlet, when he ordered the actors to create a play outlining the murder of King Hamlet, â€Å"Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you, trippingly on the tongue. †(Shakespeare, III, ii, 190-191). Claudius provoked and disturbed from the play, orders for it to be stopped, â€Å"Give o’er the play. † (Shakespeare, III, ii, 253) and leaves the scene, â€Å"The king rises. (Shakespeare, III, ii, 250) as his dirty crime is now evident. Devoured with the guilt of killing his brother, Claudius confesses and prays to God, hoping that it will cost him less time in Purgatory, â€Å"Oh, my offence is rank. It smells to heaven. It hath the primal eldest curse upon ’t, A brotherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s murder. Pray can I not. Though inclination be as sharp as will, My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent, And, like a man to double business bound, I stand in pause where I shall first begin, And both neglect. † (Shakespeare, III, ii, 37-44). Silent yet deadly, its side effects are anger, aggressiveness or fear and reclusiveness. Its symptoms are irrational behaviour, lying, anguish, and lack of self-esteem. It is the strong emotion that can affect our conscience, like an acid drop it corrodes the soul within and in extreme conditions it demolishes one’s life, it is better known as guilt. The theme of guilt is an important reoccurring phenomenon in Robertson Davies’ Fifth Business, and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, as demonstrated by a number of characters including, Dunstable Ramsay, Paul Dempster, Hamlet, and Claudius, and this essay compared the theme of guilt between the two literatures.

Proliferation of Interest Groups

ThÐ µ concÐ µrn about spÐ µcial intÐ µrÐ µsts is not a nÐ µw onÐ µ, as thÐ µ framÐ µrs of thÐ µ Constitution wÐ µrÐ µ worriÐ µd about it too. ThÐ µy fÐ µarÐ µd thÐ µ powÐ µr that could bÐ µ wiÐ µldÐ µd by organizÐ µd intÐ µrÐ µsts, yÐ µt thÐ µy undÐ µrstood that thÐ µ right to organizÐ µ was basic to thÐ µ notion of frÐ µÃ µdom. This dilÐ µmma of frÐ µÃ µdom vÐ µrsus powÐ µr was a tough onÐ µ for thÐ µm. ThÐ µy knÐ µw that if thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt was given power to restrain organized interests it would be the same as the power to suppress freedom. This essay tries to answer whether proliferation of interest groups in recent decades a sign that the pluralist view of interest group representation is increasingly accurate or not. Interest group scholars began to note the proliferation of â€Å"outsider† groups at about the same time policy scholars began to question the utility of subgovernment theory. By the mid-1980s, it was widely acknowledged that the number of interest groups in the United States especially public interest groups–had exploded during the 1960s and 1970s (Walker, 1983). Pluralists had addressed the question of group mobilization years before the â€Å"advocacy explosion. † For example, in his The Governmental Process, David Truman argued that interest groups arise from two interrelated processes. First, societal change precipitates the emergence of new interests. Second, disturbances–political or economic upheavals disrupt stable patterns of interaction between individuals. In short, Truman argued that individuals with shared interests (reacting to social change and/or disturbances) band together (to stabilize relations among themselves, and between themselves and other societal interests) when these interests are threatened. By the late-1960s, Truman's â€Å"disturbance theory† had fallen into disrepute. Interest group scholars, spurred by Olson and drawing heavily upon Clark and Wilson's study of organizational incentives, began to examine how groups overcome the substantial barriers to mobilization. (Dine) While Olson emphasized material benefits, subsequent studies showed that solidary benefits (those derived from association in group activities) and purposive benefits (rewards associated with ideological or issue-oriented goals) also motivate group membership (Cook). Salisbury's exchange theory (which rests upon Olson's cost-benefit framework) is now the dominant paradigm for explaining group development (Cigler). Yet the basic â€Å"exchange theory† framework has a critical flaw: It underestimates the role of external patrons in group studies of group formation suggest that many groups –especially public interest groups –rely heavily upon patron â€Å"seed money. † For example, Walker found that 89% of (sample) public interest groups received â€Å"seed money† from foundations, large donors, the federal government, or corporations. He also found that many public interest groups rely heavily upon patrons for maintenance income. In general, public interest group proliferation has contributed mightily to the dissolution of subgovernments. There are number of factors that may help to explain both the proliferation of public interest groups and where public interest group activity is most likely. For example, pluralists argue that societal change and disturbances create conditions that foster group mobilization. In contrast, â€Å"exchange theorists† suggest that we examine group incentive structures and entrepreneurial activity to explain interest mobilization. In order to better understand the interest groups representation, one must understand the way the American government runs. There are many different systems of government structure and organization: representative democracy, pluralist democracy, elitist system, hyper pluralist, and anarchy. The United States is organized much like a typical representative democracy, but in operation, with all factors considered, it is in reality much more of a hyper pluralist society. A state in which members of diverse ethnic, racial, religious, or social groups maintain an autonomous participation in and development of their traditional culture or special interest within the confines of a common civilization is pluralistic. When those special interests form large substantial voting blocks, the pluralistic nature of the government becomes more focused on fewer interests, but represented in many areas by larger numbers of individuals. The other question you need to ask is what do mean when you say big or special interest, who and what are you referring to specifically, industries, such as oil or pharmaceutical, ethnic groups such as Hispanic or African-American, social groups such as the elderly or woman, political groups such as Democrats or Republicans or different religious groups. All of these are special interests, they just might not seem like a special interest group if you are part of them. (Ceaser) Probably the largest big interest group to consider is the political parties themselves. Political parties are the foundation of a representative democracy, acting as a â€Å"crucial link between what citizens want and what government does†. The party is supposed to represent the needs of its members and use the party platform to express these opinions. Through public elections, voters elect those people they feel will best represent them. The Democratic Party and the Republican are the two main parties in the US though other smaller parties emerge occasionally to better represent those who do not feel that they are accurately represented by either of the major parties, usually because of special interests that they have such as environmental or other issues. This structure is typical of a representative democracy in which people are represented by parties and vote for leaders that they feel will work towards their best interests. (Miroff) In reality, the party system is not fully representative or fully functional. On one hand, part of the democratic process allows for the emergence of new parties to represent the people. On the other hand, if the existing parties accurately represented the people then other parties would not be needed. People however do not believe completely in the process, which is evidenced by poor voter turnout and voter apathy. The United States has an extremely low average voter turnout of only 55%. The Constitution guarantees one vote to each citizen over the age of 18, male or female, black or white, etc. This is indicative of a representative democracy in which each adult citizen has an equal say in how the government should be run. If voters do not vote, then the level of representation becomes skewed and the system is not fully representational. (Dine) People associate with not the candidate but with groups that represent their thinking and a special interest. A perfect example of this would be the NRA. Voters might not have a lot of opinions but they might have one on gun control. Instead of voting for the person who best reflects his ideas, he votes for the one that the NRA endorses, which in turn makes the NRA and extremely powerful interest group, and can influence congressional votes. In elections, political parties frequently send out mailers to voters that show which candidates running for office, or which of the Senate and House members receive financial support from the NRA. This suddenly reduces the value of every member of Congress to whether or not they have accepted money from the National Rifle Association. This is in turn translated into an assumed meaning on their stand on gun control, while all other issues and stands that they have on those issues are suddenly made unimportant. Their total worth relates to their assumed position on guns. The government in this case is reflecting the will of the big interest even though it's a single issue. A politician who might reflect very little of his communities values, can be elected by that community by receiving the support of a single-issue influence group. (Berman, Murphy) So the question becomes is this single issue the interest of a big group or the common goal of the majority? Who is pressing the issue and which way is the government going. If large oil companies are â€Å"buying† officials with large contributions to campaigns, are they actually influencing the government or merely a handful of officials and do they actually dictate policy or just have a louder voice in the debates that effect their companies. Misinformation seems to be the guideline of all campaigns now so it becomes almost impossible to figure out just what the goal is of the candidate that you are voting for. Because of that, the elected officials sometimes don't have a true feeling on what the voters wanted him to do. The power then slides back to the inner circle, which includes advisors who have their own individual desires, and those who paid for his campaign and therefore have vast influence. (Muller) Special interest groups appear to have a great deal of influence in campaigns and in political activities. Campaigns are extremely expensive: in 1992, the average winner of a House election spent $550,000 on his/her campaign; the average Senator who won a race spent more than $4 million. Dine) Presidential campaigns run into the hundreds of millions. Eight years later those numbers are significantly higher. Major contributors to election campaigns are corporations and interest groups. While some people believe certain industries or interest groups â€Å"buy† candidates through election contributions, it is not that simple. Those candidates heavily funded by the Sierra Club or gro ups that are concerned with environmental protection, will vote in support of environmental conservation – they will vote to reduce logging and not to save the jobs of the individual loggers who did not vote. This is a sort of paradox because the elected leaders are representing those who voted for them and helped them into office, but this group is a large group of special interests rather than the individual citizens who probably did not contribute and did not even vote. When viewed in this way, the US electoral system does not seem to be fully representative of the people and is again reflective of a more hyper pluralist society. A system of government labeled as hyper pluralist, means that there is a rapid proliferation of interest groups, all competing for influence over policy. The interest groups tend to overshadow the interest of individuals. The interest groups are powerful and influential, but there are also interest groups for both sides of most issues. In their battle to win the political coups they each seek, there develops a competition in which the interest groups try to influence politicians to vote for their side. The result is that there are a number of politicians supporting each side of an issue, there are overlapping concerns that related to other interest groups, and the outcome is political gridlock. Usually at this point, for anything to happen, concessions must be made with the end result that if any law is passed, it has little real effect one way or the other. The other possibility is that neither side will make concessions or give up any power in which case there is still nothing accomplished. This is very much the system that we have today. Again, gun control laws are a very good example. Congress goes back and forth arguing the pros and cons of gun control. The NRA is a very powerful interest group that does not want any form of gun control. There are many other interest groups that fight to ban assault weapons, others that want a total ban on guns of all types, some only want handguns banned. The feuding between the different groups is played out through the politicians and very little has been accomplished. Even when a bill is passed, it is oven later overturned. All special interest groups find this ying and yang to the system. There is no large interest that doesn't have a competing self-interest. Abortion has choice. Industry has the Sierra Club and other environmental groups. The NRA has anti-gun groups. Most of all, Republicans have Democrats. There might be the illusion that the government has been taken over by the special interests and that they control everything, but as we have looked into it we see that the basis of the questions revolves around who exactly is the special interests. It seems to me that they are us. (Peters) And thus we come to the contradictory conclusion that pluralist view of interest group representation is not increasingly accurate. While the public's perception might be that special interest groups are robbing them of their rights, and in a narrow sense, when it comes to a particular interest that effects them, they may be justified, what the public doesn't usually understand is that the activity of interest groups is in fact acting out in the interest of them or their fellow citizens. The public further misconceives that special interests influence government, overlooking the fact that special interests are formed, as often as not, as a response to government and not in anticipation of it.