Theme of Guilt in Hamlet & Fifth Business

There is one human emotion that can paralyse us, lead us to lie both to ourselves and others, to commit actions that we don’t endure, and to cripple any rational thought processes. It is self perpetuating if allowed to get out of control. Its side effects are anger, aggressiveness, fear or reclusiveness. Its symptoms are irrational behaviour, lying, anguish, and lack of self-esteem. It is the strong emotion that can affect our conscience, like an acid drop it corrodes the soul within and in extreme conditions it demolishes one’s life, it is better known as guilt. Guilt is a reoccurring theme in Robertson Davies’ Fifth Business, and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, that is demonstrated by various characters including, Dunstable Ramsay, Paul Dempster, Hamlet and Claudius and this essay shall compare the theme of guilt between the two literatures. In the novel Fifth Business, guilt is a plague that has spread throughout the lives of Dunstan Ramsay, and Paul Dempster; both characters are drenched with guilt that was a result of a tragic incident caused by Percy Staunton Boyd when he threw the snowball and it â€Å"hit Mrs. Dempster on the back of the head. † (Davies, 2). Dunstan experiences guilt early on in his childhood, realizing it is him who ultimately caused the premature labour of Paul, â€Å"Nevertheless this conversation reheated my strong sense of guilt and responsibility about Paul. † (Davies, 136). As the guilt overtakes his life, Dunny compares what he is feeling to what dying feels like and questions whether that would be better than dealing with this overwhelming guilt: â€Å"Ah, if dying were all there was to it! Hell and torment at once, but at least you know where you stand. It is living with these guilty secrets that exacts the price† (Davies, 19). Born prematurely, Paul Dempster was convicted of being guilty as he was responsible for robbing his mother of her sanity, as explained to him by his father, Amasa Dempster, â€Å"My father always told me it was my birth that robbed her of her sanity. So as a child I had to carry the weight of my mother’s madness as something that was my own doing. † (Davies, 148). Moreover Paul was forced to feel the guilt at a young age, causing him to become frustrated, and that is when he decides to escape from Deptford and runs away with Le grand Cirque forain des St. Vite (Davies, 148), â€Å"‘He was my only teacher till I ran away with a circus. † (Davies, 265). Equivalently in the play Hamlet, the theme of guilt was developed through Hamlet and his most hateful enemy, King Claudius. Hamlet experiences guilt when he recognizes that he has not yet avenged his father’s death and in Act I Scene ii Hamlet reveals that he is upset and disappointed with himself, as he has not taken any actions to attain revenge from Claudius, the murderer of his father. Hamlet then calls himself, â€Å"a peasant slave† and questions, â€Å"What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, That he should weep for her? What would he do, Had he motive and cue for passion That I have? † (Shakespeare, II, ii, 529. 38-541). Furthermore, Hamlet later decides to relief his overwhelming guilt by commanding the actors to re-enact his father’s death through The Murder of Gonzago, (Shakespeare, III, ii, 284), in order to confirm that the ghost was being truthful and Claudius did kill his father, â€Å"May be the devil, and the devil hath power T' assume a pleasing shape. Yea, and perhaps Out of my weakness and my melancholy, As he is very potent with such spirits, Abuses me to da mn me. I’ll have grounds More relative than this. The play’s the thing Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the king. † (Shakespeare, II, ii, 561- 567). Eagerly wanting the throne Claudius murdered his brother, King Hamlet by poisoning him when he was sleeping in the garden, â€Å"He poisons him i’ th’ garden for‘s estate. † (Shakespeare, III, ii, 246); his crime was soon revealed by the intelligent Hamlet, when he ordered the actors to create a play outlining the murder of King Hamlet, â€Å"Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you, trippingly on the tongue. †(Shakespeare, III, ii, 190-191). Claudius provoked and disturbed from the play, orders for it to be stopped, â€Å"Give o’er the play. † (Shakespeare, III, ii, 253) and leaves the scene, â€Å"The king rises. (Shakespeare, III, ii, 250) as his dirty crime is now evident. Devoured with the guilt of killing his brother, Claudius confesses and prays to God, hoping that it will cost him less time in Purgatory, â€Å"Oh, my offence is rank. It smells to heaven. It hath the primal eldest curse upon ’t, A brotherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s murder. Pray can I not. Though inclination be as sharp as will, My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent, And, like a man to double business bound, I stand in pause where I shall first begin, And both neglect. † (Shakespeare, III, ii, 37-44). Silent yet deadly, its side effects are anger, aggressiveness or fear and reclusiveness. Its symptoms are irrational behaviour, lying, anguish, and lack of self-esteem. It is the strong emotion that can affect our conscience, like an acid drop it corrodes the soul within and in extreme conditions it demolishes one’s life, it is better known as guilt. The theme of guilt is an important reoccurring phenomenon in Robertson Davies’ Fifth Business, and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, as demonstrated by a number of characters including, Dunstable Ramsay, Paul Dempster, Hamlet, and Claudius, and this essay compared the theme of guilt between the two literatures.

Proliferation of Interest Groups

ThÐ µ concÐ µrn about spÐ µcial intÐ µrÐ µsts is not a nÐ µw onÐ µ, as thÐ µ framÐ µrs of thÐ µ Constitution wÐ µrÐ µ worriÐ µd about it too. ThÐ µy fÐ µarÐ µd thÐ µ powÐ µr that could bÐ µ wiÐ µldÐ µd by organizÐ µd intÐ µrÐ µsts, yÐ µt thÐ µy undÐ µrstood that thÐ µ right to organizÐ µ was basic to thÐ µ notion of frÐ µÃ µdom. This dilÐ µmma of frÐ µÃ µdom vÐ µrsus powÐ µr was a tough onÐ µ for thÐ µm. ThÐ µy knÐ µw that if thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt was given power to restrain organized interests it would be the same as the power to suppress freedom. This essay tries to answer whether proliferation of interest groups in recent decades a sign that the pluralist view of interest group representation is increasingly accurate or not. Interest group scholars began to note the proliferation of â€Å"outsider† groups at about the same time policy scholars began to question the utility of subgovernment theory. By the mid-1980s, it was widely acknowledged that the number of interest groups in the United States especially public interest groups–had exploded during the 1960s and 1970s (Walker, 1983). Pluralists had addressed the question of group mobilization years before the â€Å"advocacy explosion. † For example, in his The Governmental Process, David Truman argued that interest groups arise from two interrelated processes. First, societal change precipitates the emergence of new interests. Second, disturbances–political or economic upheavals disrupt stable patterns of interaction between individuals. In short, Truman argued that individuals with shared interests (reacting to social change and/or disturbances) band together (to stabilize relations among themselves, and between themselves and other societal interests) when these interests are threatened. By the late-1960s, Truman's â€Å"disturbance theory† had fallen into disrepute. Interest group scholars, spurred by Olson and drawing heavily upon Clark and Wilson's study of organizational incentives, began to examine how groups overcome the substantial barriers to mobilization. (Dine) While Olson emphasized material benefits, subsequent studies showed that solidary benefits (those derived from association in group activities) and purposive benefits (rewards associated with ideological or issue-oriented goals) also motivate group membership (Cook). Salisbury's exchange theory (which rests upon Olson's cost-benefit framework) is now the dominant paradigm for explaining group development (Cigler). Yet the basic â€Å"exchange theory† framework has a critical flaw: It underestimates the role of external patrons in group studies of group formation suggest that many groups –especially public interest groups –rely heavily upon patron â€Å"seed money. † For example, Walker found that 89% of (sample) public interest groups received â€Å"seed money† from foundations, large donors, the federal government, or corporations. He also found that many public interest groups rely heavily upon patrons for maintenance income. In general, public interest group proliferation has contributed mightily to the dissolution of subgovernments. There are number of factors that may help to explain both the proliferation of public interest groups and where public interest group activity is most likely. For example, pluralists argue that societal change and disturbances create conditions that foster group mobilization. In contrast, â€Å"exchange theorists† suggest that we examine group incentive structures and entrepreneurial activity to explain interest mobilization. In order to better understand the interest groups representation, one must understand the way the American government runs. There are many different systems of government structure and organization: representative democracy, pluralist democracy, elitist system, hyper pluralist, and anarchy. The United States is organized much like a typical representative democracy, but in operation, with all factors considered, it is in reality much more of a hyper pluralist society. A state in which members of diverse ethnic, racial, religious, or social groups maintain an autonomous participation in and development of their traditional culture or special interest within the confines of a common civilization is pluralistic. When those special interests form large substantial voting blocks, the pluralistic nature of the government becomes more focused on fewer interests, but represented in many areas by larger numbers of individuals. The other question you need to ask is what do mean when you say big or special interest, who and what are you referring to specifically, industries, such as oil or pharmaceutical, ethnic groups such as Hispanic or African-American, social groups such as the elderly or woman, political groups such as Democrats or Republicans or different religious groups. All of these are special interests, they just might not seem like a special interest group if you are part of them. (Ceaser) Probably the largest big interest group to consider is the political parties themselves. Political parties are the foundation of a representative democracy, acting as a â€Å"crucial link between what citizens want and what government does†. The party is supposed to represent the needs of its members and use the party platform to express these opinions. Through public elections, voters elect those people they feel will best represent them. The Democratic Party and the Republican are the two main parties in the US though other smaller parties emerge occasionally to better represent those who do not feel that they are accurately represented by either of the major parties, usually because of special interests that they have such as environmental or other issues. This structure is typical of a representative democracy in which people are represented by parties and vote for leaders that they feel will work towards their best interests. (Miroff) In reality, the party system is not fully representative or fully functional. On one hand, part of the democratic process allows for the emergence of new parties to represent the people. On the other hand, if the existing parties accurately represented the people then other parties would not be needed. People however do not believe completely in the process, which is evidenced by poor voter turnout and voter apathy. The United States has an extremely low average voter turnout of only 55%. The Constitution guarantees one vote to each citizen over the age of 18, male or female, black or white, etc. This is indicative of a representative democracy in which each adult citizen has an equal say in how the government should be run. If voters do not vote, then the level of representation becomes skewed and the system is not fully representational. (Dine) People associate with not the candidate but with groups that represent their thinking and a special interest. A perfect example of this would be the NRA. Voters might not have a lot of opinions but they might have one on gun control. Instead of voting for the person who best reflects his ideas, he votes for the one that the NRA endorses, which in turn makes the NRA and extremely powerful interest group, and can influence congressional votes. In elections, political parties frequently send out mailers to voters that show which candidates running for office, or which of the Senate and House members receive financial support from the NRA. This suddenly reduces the value of every member of Congress to whether or not they have accepted money from the National Rifle Association. This is in turn translated into an assumed meaning on their stand on gun control, while all other issues and stands that they have on those issues are suddenly made unimportant. Their total worth relates to their assumed position on guns. The government in this case is reflecting the will of the big interest even though it's a single issue. A politician who might reflect very little of his communities values, can be elected by that community by receiving the support of a single-issue influence group. (Berman, Murphy) So the question becomes is this single issue the interest of a big group or the common goal of the majority? Who is pressing the issue and which way is the government going. If large oil companies are â€Å"buying† officials with large contributions to campaigns, are they actually influencing the government or merely a handful of officials and do they actually dictate policy or just have a louder voice in the debates that effect their companies. Misinformation seems to be the guideline of all campaigns now so it becomes almost impossible to figure out just what the goal is of the candidate that you are voting for. Because of that, the elected officials sometimes don't have a true feeling on what the voters wanted him to do. The power then slides back to the inner circle, which includes advisors who have their own individual desires, and those who paid for his campaign and therefore have vast influence. (Muller) Special interest groups appear to have a great deal of influence in campaigns and in political activities. Campaigns are extremely expensive: in 1992, the average winner of a House election spent $550,000 on his/her campaign; the average Senator who won a race spent more than $4 million. Dine) Presidential campaigns run into the hundreds of millions. Eight years later those numbers are significantly higher. Major contributors to election campaigns are corporations and interest groups. While some people believe certain industries or interest groups â€Å"buy† candidates through election contributions, it is not that simple. Those candidates heavily funded by the Sierra Club or gro ups that are concerned with environmental protection, will vote in support of environmental conservation – they will vote to reduce logging and not to save the jobs of the individual loggers who did not vote. This is a sort of paradox because the elected leaders are representing those who voted for them and helped them into office, but this group is a large group of special interests rather than the individual citizens who probably did not contribute and did not even vote. When viewed in this way, the US electoral system does not seem to be fully representative of the people and is again reflective of a more hyper pluralist society. A system of government labeled as hyper pluralist, means that there is a rapid proliferation of interest groups, all competing for influence over policy. The interest groups tend to overshadow the interest of individuals. The interest groups are powerful and influential, but there are also interest groups for both sides of most issues. In their battle to win the political coups they each seek, there develops a competition in which the interest groups try to influence politicians to vote for their side. The result is that there are a number of politicians supporting each side of an issue, there are overlapping concerns that related to other interest groups, and the outcome is political gridlock. Usually at this point, for anything to happen, concessions must be made with the end result that if any law is passed, it has little real effect one way or the other. The other possibility is that neither side will make concessions or give up any power in which case there is still nothing accomplished. This is very much the system that we have today. Again, gun control laws are a very good example. Congress goes back and forth arguing the pros and cons of gun control. The NRA is a very powerful interest group that does not want any form of gun control. There are many other interest groups that fight to ban assault weapons, others that want a total ban on guns of all types, some only want handguns banned. The feuding between the different groups is played out through the politicians and very little has been accomplished. Even when a bill is passed, it is oven later overturned. All special interest groups find this ying and yang to the system. There is no large interest that doesn't have a competing self-interest. Abortion has choice. Industry has the Sierra Club and other environmental groups. The NRA has anti-gun groups. Most of all, Republicans have Democrats. There might be the illusion that the government has been taken over by the special interests and that they control everything, but as we have looked into it we see that the basis of the questions revolves around who exactly is the special interests. It seems to me that they are us. (Peters) And thus we come to the contradictory conclusion that pluralist view of interest group representation is not increasingly accurate. While the public's perception might be that special interest groups are robbing them of their rights, and in a narrow sense, when it comes to a particular interest that effects them, they may be justified, what the public doesn't usually understand is that the activity of interest groups is in fact acting out in the interest of them or their fellow citizens. The public further misconceives that special interests influence government, overlooking the fact that special interests are formed, as often as not, as a response to government and not in anticipation of it.

Quantitative Research Essay - 1090 Words

Abbreviated Qualitative Research Plan Scott A. Hughes Walden University Research Theory, Design, and Methods RSCH-8100 P-4 Dr. Eileen Eisen February 2, 2014 The Abbreviated Qualitative Plan Introduction Laws governing the administration of paternal processes, vary from state to state within the United States. The U.S. court system allows states to enforce paternal sanctions even after they have been definitively determined that a man is not the biological father of the child. (Brott. 2008) Currently, these irregularities regarding paternity create egregious injustices such as, men who, through DNA testing, have been proven not to be the biological father of the child, still being force to pay child†¦show more content†¦Frank Hatley was recently released from jail after serving time for owing back child support for a child that was later proven by DNA testing not to be his. (8/11/09). http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/08/11/georgia.child.support/index.html. Currently, there are no studies that assess the recovery process of a victim of paternity fraud. After a year in jail, what becomes of a man’s employment, family, finances, or mentality? Purpose Statement This is a qualitative study that will examine the avenues for relief after experiencing the impact of paternity (Creswell. 2009). Research Questions Is the U.S. Court system equipped to make whole a victim of paternity fraud? What are the positive and negative effects of current inconsistent state laws as experienced by the victims of paternity fraud? How do current laws influence the intent to commit fraud? How do current laws encourage the state to abet paternity fraud rather than correcting the results of paternity fraud? How do current laws contribute to a culture of unfairness with regard to non-custodial paternal-sanctions? Would standardization of DNA Paternity testing prevent unfair penalties? Would standardization of DNA Paternity testing improve medical history reliability? 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As an addition, it looks for to analyze the research problem or motif from the aspect of the local people who involves the study. Qualitative research is particularly e ffective

Hisarlik, Scientific Excavations at Ancient Troy

Hisarlik (occasionally spelled Hissarlik and also known as Ilion, Troy or Ilium Novum) is the modern name for a tell located near the modern city of Tevfikiye in the Dardanelles of northwest Turkey. The tell—a type of archaeological site that is a tall mound hiding a buried city—covers an area of about 200 meters (650 feet) in diameter and stands 15 m (50 ft) high. To the casual tourist, says archaeologist Trevor Bryce (2002), excavated Hisarlik looks like a mess, a confusion of broken pavements, building foundations and superimposed, crisscrossing fragments of walls. The mess known as Hisarlik is widely believed by scholars to be the ancient site of Troy, which inspired the marvelous poetry of the Greek poet Homers masterpiece, The Iliad. The site was occupied for some 3,500 years, beginning in the Late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age period about 3000 BC, but it is certainly most famous as the probable location of Homers 8th century BC stories of the Late Bronze Age Trojan War, which took place 500 years earlier. Chronology of Ancient Troy Excavations by Heinrich Schliemann and others have revealed perhaps as many as ten separate occupation levels in the 15-m-thick tell, including Early and Middle Bronze Ages (Troy Levels 1-V), a late Bronze Age occupation presently associated with Homers Troy (Levels VI/VII), a Hellenistic Greek occupation (Level VIII) and, at the top, a Roman period occupation (Level IX). Troy IX, Roman, 85 BC-3rd c ADTroy VIII, Hellenistic Greek, founded in the mid-eighth centuryTroy VII 1275-1100 BC, quickly replaced the destroyed city but itself destroyed between 1100-1000Troy VI 1800-1275 BC, Late Bronze Age, the last sublevel (VIh) is thought to represent Homers TroyTroy V, Middle Bronze Age, ca 2050-1800 BCTroy IV, Early Bronze Age (abbreviated EBA) IIIc, post-AkkadTroy III, EBA IIIb, ca. 2400-2100 BC, comparable to Ur IIITroy II, EBA II, 2500-2300, during the Akkadian empire, Priams Treasure, wheel-made pottery with red-slip potteryTroy I, Late Chalcolithic/EB1, ca 2900-2600 cal BC, hand-made dark burnished hand-built potteryKumtepe, Late Chalcolithic, ca 3000 cal BCHanaytepe, ca 3300 cal BC, comparable to Jemdet NasrBesiktepe, comparable to Uruk IV The earliest version of the city of Troy is called Troy 1, buried beneath 14 m (46 ft) of later deposits. That community included the Aegean megaron, a style of narrow, long-room house which shared lateral walls with its neighbors. By Troy II (at least), such structures were reconfigured for public use—the first public buildings at Hisarlik—and residential dwellings consisted in the form of several rooms surrounding interior courtyards. Much of the Late Bronze Age structures, those dated to the time of Homers Troy and including the entire central area of the Troy VI citadel, were razed by Classical Greek builders to prepare for the construction of the Temple of Athena. The painted reconstructions that you see show a hypothetical central palace and a tier of surrounding structures for which there is no archaeological evidence. The Lower City Many scholars were skeptical about Hisarlik being Troy because it was so small, and Homers poetry seems to suggest a large commercial or trading center. But excavations by Manfred Korfmann discovered that the small central hilltop location supported a much larger population, perhaps as many as 6,000 living in an area estimated to be about 27 hectares (about one-tenth of a square mile) lying adjacent to and stretched out 400 m (1300 ft) from the citadel mound. The Late Bronze Age parts of the lower city, however, were cleaned out by the Romans, although remnants of a defensive system including a possible wall, a palisade, and two ditches were found by Korfmann. Scholars are not united in the size of the lower city, and indeed Korfmanns evidence is based on a fairly small excavation area (1-2% of the lower settlement). Priams Treasure is what Schliemann called a collection of 270 artifacts he claimed to have found in within palace walls at Hisarlik. Scholars think it is more likely that he found some in a stone box (called a cist) among building foundations above the Troy II fortification wall on the western side of the citadel, and those probably represent a  hoard  or a  cist grave. Some of the objects were found elsewhere and Schliemann simply added them to the pile. Frank Calvert, among others, told Schliemann that the artifacts were too old to be from Homers Troy, but Schliemann ignored him and published a photograph of his wife Sophia wearing the diadem and jewels from Priams Treasure. What seems likely to have come from the cist includes a wide range of gold and silver objects. The gold included a sauceboat, bracelets, headdresses (one illustrated on this page), a diadem, basket-earrings with pendant chains, shell-shaped earrings and nearly 9,000 gold beads, sequins and studs. Six silver ingots were included, and bronze objects included vessels, spearheads, daggers, flat axes, chisels, a saw, and several blades. All of these artifacts have since been stylistically dated to the Early Bronze Age, in Late Troy II (2600-2480 BC). Priams treasure created a huge scandal when it was discovered that Schliemann had smuggled the objects out of Turkey to Athens, breaking Turkish law and expressly against his permit to excavate. Schliemann was sued by the Ottoman government, a suit which was settled by Schliemann paying 50,000 French Francs (about 2000 English pounds at the time). The objects ended up in Germany during World War II, where they were claimed by the Nazis. At the end of World War II, Russian allies removed the treasure and took it to Moscow, where it was  revealed in 1994. Troy Wilusa There is a bit of exciting but controversial evidence that Troy and its troubles with Greece might be mentioned in Hittite documents. In Homeric texts, Ilios and Troia were interchangeable names for Troy: in Hittite texts, Wilusiya and Taruisa are nearby states; scholars have surmised recently that they were one and the same. Hisarlik may have been the royal seat of the king of  Wilusa, who was a  vassal to the Great King of the Hittites, and who suffered battles with his neighbors. The status of the site—that is to say the status of Troy—as an important regional capital of western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age has been a consistent flashpoint of heated debate among scholars for most of its modern history. The Citadel, even though it is heavily damaged, can be seen to be considerably smaller than other Late Bronze Age regional capitals such as  Gordion, Buyukkale, Beycesultan, and  Bogazkoy. Frank Kolb, for example, has argued fairly strenuously that Troy VI was not even much of a city, much less a commercial or trade center and certainly not a capital. Because of Hisarliks connection with Homer, the site has perhaps unfairly been intensively debated. But the settlement was likely a pivotal one for its day, and, based on Korfmanns studies, scholarly opinions and the preponderance of evidence, Hisarlik likely was the site where events occurred that formed the basis of Homers  Iliad. Archaeology at Hisarlik Test excavations were first conducted at Hisarlik by railroad engineer John Brunton in the 1850s and archaeologist/diplomat  Frank Calvert  in the 1860s. Both lacked the connections and money of their much-better-known associate,  Heinrich Schliemann, who excavated at Hisarlik between 1870 and 1890. Schliemann heavily relied on Calvert, but notoriously downplayed Calverts role in his writings. Wilhelm Dorpfeld excavated for Schliemann at Hisarlik between 1893-1894, and  Carl Blegen  of the University of Cincinnati in the 1930s. In the 1980s, a new collaborative team started at the site led by  Manfred Korfmann  of the University of Tà ¼bingen and  C. Brian Rose  of the University of Cincinnati. Sources Archaeologist Berkay Dinà §er has several excellent  photographs of Hisarlik  on his Flickr page. Allen SH. 1995.  Finding the Walls of Troy: Frank Calvert, Excavator.  American Journal of Archaeology  99(3):379-407. Allen SH. 1998.  A Personal Sacrifice in the Interest of Science: Calvert, Schliemann, and the Troy Treasures.  The Classical World  91(5):345-354. Bryce TR. 2002.  The Trojan War: Is There Truth behind the Legend?  Near Eastern Archaeology  65(3):182-195. Easton DF, Hawkins JD, Sherratt AG, and Sherratt ES. 2002.  Troy in recent perspective.  Anatolian Studies  52:75-109. Kolb F. 2004. Troy VI:  A Trading Center and Commercial City?  American Journal of Archaeology  108(4):577-614. Hansen O. 1997. KUB XXIII.  13: A Possible Contemporary Bronze Age Source for the Sack of Troy.  The Annual of the British School at Athens 92:165-167. Ivanova M. 2013.  Domestic architecture in the Early Bronze Age of western Anatolia: the row-houses of Troy I.  Anatolian Studies  63:17-33. Jablonka P, and Rose CB. 2004.  Forum Response: Late Bronze Age Troy: A Response to Frank Kolb.  American Journal of Archaeology  108(4):615-630. Maurer K. 2009.  Archeology as Spectacle: Heinrich Schliemanns Media of Excavation.  German Studies Review  32(2):303-317. Yakar J. 1979.  Troy and Anatolian Early Bronze Age Chronology.  Anatolian Studies  29:51-67.

Lord Of The Flies By William Golding - 1123 Words

In the novel Lord of The Flies by William Golding, the characters Ralph, Piggy, and Jack represent important World War II leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, and Winston Churchill. Golding, who had served in World War II, was well aware of the savagery created, and used it to base his book on. Ralph represents Franklin Roosevelt , Jack represents Adolf Hitler, and Piggy represents Winston Churchill. Ralph being of the novel’s main protagonist is important in the outcome of the story because of his views like President Franklin Roosevelt, focus on keeping civilized during the hard times. Franklin Roosevelt was looked up to by many because of his civil views and great leadership.One of his first major obstacles to overcome was the†¦show more content†¦He started up, then changed his mind and sat down again while the air rang. Ralph looked at him, eager to offer something.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ( Golding 23) Ralph much like Franklin Roosevelt, was elected leader through the majority of the vote. The people liked him and were happy for him to lead them. Even though he was in charge he offered Jack something to try and make him feel better.Roosevelt was also all about the people and making everyone happy by helping the people get out of the depression and winning a World War.. Ralph used the conch that he had found for a symbol of power and authority, as Roosevelt had used his presidency for authority and maintaining order. That is why Ralph reflects the views and morals of Roosevelt. One of the the most known leaders of World War II ,and not for good reason was Adolf Hitler. Adolf was the leader of Nazi Germany, and was a very cruel and savage man. â€Å"Adolf Hitler was the dictator or absolute ruler of Germany from 1934 to 1945 and leader of the nationalist socialist German workers’ party. He took advantage of Germany’s economic hardships and the bitterness of its citizens after World War I to attract followers, eventually taking complete control of the country.† (â€Å"Hitler†) Hitler was able to take control by using violence and brainwashing his people into following him. He was able to blame all the madness on others and made his people believeShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies By William Golding869 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies Psychology Sometimes people wear fake personas like a cloak over their shoulders, used to hide what is really underneath. This harsh reality is witnessed in William Golding’s classic Lord of the Flies, a novel that is famous for not only its sickening plot, but also for the emotional breakdowns all of its characters experience. These issues are akin to those shown in certain real-world psychological experiments. A summary of Golding’s Lord of the Flies, combined with the evidenceRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1347 Words   |  6 Pages The theme of The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, is the reason society is flawed is because people are flawed. Although Piggy is knowledgeable, he has many flaws including his laziness and physical inabilities. Ralph is an authority seeker. He sets rules and laws, yet does little to enforce them. Ralph wants to be the ruler, without doing the work to enforce his laws. Jack is persistent. He is rude, harsh and violent in or der to get what he wants. He wants to be supreme. Piggy’s flaws areRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Lord of the Flies Essay The Lord of the Flies written by William Golding and published on September 17, 1954 is a story told about a group of stranded boys and their fight for survival against the wilderness and themselves. In this story many signs of symbolism are used by Golding to point out certain aspects of society that Golding thought strongly of. This story on first read may just seem to be a survival- esque piece of literature but, on a deeper look one can find Golding’s true motiveRead MoreLord of The Flies by William Golding619 Words   |  2 PagesGovernments are no different; they fight for power just like the rest of us do. They just do it on a much bigger scale. Qualities from Oligarchy, Totalitarianism, Democracy, Dictatorship, and Anarchy governments are used in several parts of Lord of The Flies that represent different characters and different situations. An Oligarchy is a small group of people having control of a country or organization. A Totalitarianism government is a form of government that permits no individual freedom and thatRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding1306 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Lord of the Flies, William Golding creates a microcosm that appears to be a utopia after he discharged from the British Royal Navy following World War II. After an emergency landing, Golding places a diverse group of boys on the island that soon turns out to be anything but utopia. The island the boys are on turns out to be an allegorical dystopia with inadequate conditions (Bryfonski 22). The boys reject all lessons they learned from their prior British society, and they turn towards theirRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding932 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing two particular themes from a novel called Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Lord of the Flies was written in 1954 after World War II. Ruler of the Flies is a purposeful anecdote about something that many readers can’t really describe. Individuals cant choose precisely what. Its either about the inalienable underhanded of man, or mental battle, or religion, or personal inclination, or the creators emotions on war; however William Golding was in the Navy throughout World War II, or perhapsRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1383 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Lord of the Flies is still a Blueprint for Savagery by Eleanor Learmonth and Jenny Tabakoff, the words â€Å"I’m afraid. Of us† first appeared in Golding’s novel 60 years ago. Lord of the Flies by William Golding follows a group of schoolboys trapped on an island after a plane crash during a world war. At the beginning, they celebrate as the y have total autonomy as there are no adults around. They attempt to establish a civilization but when order collapses, they go on a journey from civilizationRead MoreLord of the Flies, by William Golding1055 Words   |  5 Pages In William Goldings Lord of the Flies a group of English school boys crash land onto an uninhabited island somewhere in the Mid Atlantic ocean. Ralph, the protagonist and also the elected leader, tries to maintain peace and avoid any calamity on the island. However, Jack is neither willing to contribute nor listen because he is jealous of Ralph and has a sickening obsession with killing boars. Ralph has some good traits that help him maintain peace and balance for a period of time. He is charismaticRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pages Outline Introduction Short intro for Lord of the Flies Short intro on Gangs The bullying and group mentality demonstrated in gangs has resemblances to the characters in Lord of the Flies. II. Bullying/Group mentality Gangs Drugs/Loyalty B. Lord of the flies Jack kills the pig/Jack and Ralph fight III. Effects B. Lord of the flies Jack killing the pig aftermath Violence IV. Conclusion Gangs are considered a group of people that have a common link togetherRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding962 Words   |  4 PagesBischof Language Arts 10 11 December, 2015 In William Golding s Lord of the Flies, Golding uses the theme of human nature to show how easily society can collapse, and how self-destructive human nature is. Throughout the story Golding conveys a theme of how obscured and horrible human nature can lead us to be. Many different parts of human nature can all lead to the destruction of society. A few of the concepts of basic human nature that Golding included in the book are destruction, and panic

Behaviour Is Related Expression Of Action †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Behaviour Is Related Expression Of Action? Answer: Introduction Attitudes involve individuals predisposition to some of the basic ideas, system, values and institution, while behaviour is related to the expression of action, feelings and actions through orally or body language. In n organisation, employees' attitudes show the professional behaviour and productivity that can help the employees to succeed further. In this essay, the concept of attitudes on organisational basis will be discussed that can show the impact on the behaviour of employees. Moreover, in the latter part of the essay, attitudes impact on behaviour will be explained on three different levels, personal, group and organisation context. In the final section, Theory of Reasoned Action will be described on three different levels. The thesis statement of the study is to highlight the importance of employees attitudes in relation to the behaviour in three different levels, personal, group and organisation. Concept of attitudes in workplace Workplace attitude of an employee creates an impact on the organisation and other employees. Attitudes of employees help to develop the environment of a workplace which determines the employees' morale, team work and productivity. The workplace attitudes can add the validation of each occurrence in the organisation. Negative attitudes can come in case of management's decision or team leaders' personality. Attitudes of employees do not create competition in the organisation; however, it can increase the competitive environment. As stated by Wood et al. (2016), negative attitude of employees can create a sense of distrust among the employees. Positive employees attitudes and positive workplace attitudes can enhance the employees creativity and management can motivate the employees to bring the creativity from employees. Workplace attitudes of employees, as well as management, can increase the retention of employees and it helps in career development. In addition, as opined by Coccia (2 014), attitudes create a significant role in developing the relationship among the employees. However, negative attitudes can be dangerous for the individual as well as the organisation; smiling face of employees will be helpful in handling any work. Taking responsibility without showing tantrum rather than criticising is more acceptable from the management side. Discussion on attitudes that influence behaviour According to Salu et al. (2014), a conflicting statement is prevalent on employees attitude and job satisfaction, happy employees are not productive employees and happy employees are productive employees. Attitudes of employees in individual level are depended on dispositional influences such as core self-evaluation, key-personality traits. The employees perception of the job or work he/she is doing can create attitudes and it can be both positive and negative. Job satisfaction can come from core conscientiousness of an employee (Siponen et al. 2014). The cultural influences of the employees can pose its impact on job satisfaction as cross-cultural organisational face significant issues over this. Moreover, in the cross-cultural organisation, attitudes of the fellow employees depend on the behaviour of the other employees. It has mainly four dimensions that construct the attitude and behaviour, individualism and collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity and femininity. Adjustment of cultural factors is important for the employees and it can shape the behaviour within the workplace. For example, in a multi-cultural workplace, if most of the employees have positive attitudes towards employees who come from minority or ethnic background, then the employee's behaviour within the organisation will be stable and assistive. Work situation or practitioner believes in workplace determine the attitudes within a workplace and that shape the behaviour of the behaviour. Moreover, as pointed out by Mowday et al. (2013), job satisfaction comes from managements attitudes on autonomy, job challenge and retention of the employees. Within the workplace, an employee's attitudes can be a product of upbringing, the pattern of thinking and perception of the work; these choices provide the performance of the employees. Positive thinking must come from within of an employee and that provide urge to work hard and smart way. In recent time, business management institution gives the provision to the students to learn about the positive outlook in the workplace. In this result, employees are now more responsive in team working and sharing positive vibes. In a team, the employees must have trust among colleagues and positive attitudes on interpersonal skills can give productive group working. Sharing positive attitude is one of the characteristics of the workplace brings positive behaviour among employees. The attitudes of collaboration among the employees help the organisation to have effective team work. Team members can share constructive criticism without being too judgemental. Within a team, an employee can show the energetic and enthusiastic attitudes with the motivation that helps to bring assistive behaviour from others. As stated by Montano and Kasprzyk (2015), empathy towards other group members helps to create positive behaviour with sharing the integrity. An employee feels psychological attachment towards the organisation and it depends on employees' feelings towards the job and their job satisfaction. Management of the organisation can create a motivating, cooperating and assistive workplace that is associated with job performance, turnover and employability (Mishra et al. 2015). Commitment towards the organisation can create a sense of oneness for the organisation. The attitude of an employee can show the commitment to remain a part of the organisation to share the goals and desires. The attitude of having organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) is a voluntary commitment for his/her organisation. As argued by Innan and Moustaghfir (2015), contextual performance has four elements, enthusiasm, helping mentality, organisational objectives and rules. An employee can face issue from the discretionary behaviour that does not mention in the job description. The employees must feel within to work beyond the enforceable requirement. The e mployees can feel positively to increase organisational effectiveness. Discussion on Theory of Reasoned Action on three levels Theory of Reasoned Action is a theory based on persuasion and understanding of communication. This theory explains the relationship between behaviour and attitudes. This theory describes the process of the behaviour of an individual based on the pre-existing notions and attitudes (Montano and Kasprzyk, 2015). Within a workplace, the employees' expectation of a job and his/her attitudes on the job are the reasons behind the behaviour of the employees. Individual level: Individual attitudes depend on the employees' preconceived notion about the job role and workplace culture. Each of the employees' has different dreams and they belong from different thinking capability. In the workplace, the needs of the employees are different and their pre-existing knowledge is also different. In individual level, the main concerns are performance and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction comes from the culture of the workplace as commonalities and coworkers can provide a sense of integrity within the workplace (Wong and Laschinger 2014). Moreover, the performance of the employees must come from the heart and they must feel intrinsic motivation to do the work. In reasoned action theory, individual's attitude, their intention and the result of behaviour all have a connection. If an employee feels valued and gets the job what he/she wants from long, give the sense of satisfaction from within and their attitudes towards the job and workplace become changes with the time . Behaviour intention to strive for excellence can be shown if the workplace is helpful and employees' intrinsic motivation is a predictor of behaviour. In employee individual decision in workplace behaviour depends on job satisfaction and performance, however, satisfaction can cause performance and sometimes, performance can cause satisfaction. As pointed out by Temminck et al. (2015), satisfaction is the attitudes that lead us to the behavioural intent that is performed within the workplace. Group level: In working with the group, team members must share their thoughts in order to bring the cohesiveness and communication. In this reason, the group thinking is necessary for the homogeneity. Role identity is important as this is related to the team size. An employees attitudes depend on teams stability and personality of other team members. However, if the management is given the interesting work to engage on, the obstacle during the work can feel negligible. The feeling of low stress can provide job satisfaction with gaining rewards is another reason behind job satisfaction. Reasoned action theory describes the situation of acting as attitudes predict the behaviour also. The relation of behaviour and attitudes exist between affect and personality (Babnik et al. 2014). In working in a group, it is necessary to take action in individual level. In team work, the subjective norm is important as team members cannot do something what their heart desire always. Organisational level: In the organisational level, the attitudes of the organisation focus on basically employee commitment and retention of the employees. Organisational commitment can be improved by the managers by clearly define the responsibility. The managers and team leaders can train the employees in a way that bring the proper behaviour and attitudes. In this light, the reasoned action concept talks about withdrawal behaviour of the employees. In case of negative attitudes and ambience within the organisation, the employees predictive attitudes tell to leave the organisation (Coghlan and Branick 2014). Depending on the situation; relevant norms do not allow the employees to leave the organisation. Therefore, organisations use persuasive norms of rewards, motivation and job satisfaction measures. Conclusion In order to predict the behaviour of the employees, the behavioural intention and attitudes must be equally specific. Employees attitudes are of two types as one is related to the customers of organisation and another is with accounting and fellow employees. The behaviour of the employees depends on the intention and attitudes of the employees within the workplace. Individuals can control performance or behaviour by strengthening the normative belief. Employees' norms and attitudes both are important to support their persuasive objectives and behaviour. Theory of reasoned action mainly works at the individual level, however, individual's decisions and behaviour move to the group level. Reference List Babnik, K., Breznik, K., Dermol, V. and Trunk irca, N., 2014. The mission statement: organisational culture perspective.Industrial Management Data Systems,114(4), pp.612-627. Coccia, M., 2014. Structure and organisational behaviour of public research institutions under unstable growth of human resources.International Journal of Services Technology and Management,20(4-6), pp.251-266., Coghlan, D. and Brannick, T., 2014.Doing action research in your own organization. London: Sage. Innan, R. and Moustaghfir, K., 2015. Explicating employees behaviour for an effective subscription to healthcare policy: an application of the theory of planned behaviour.Knowledge Management Research Practice,13(4), pp.497-507. Mishra, D., Akman, I. and Mishra, A., 2014. Theory of reasoned action application for green information technology acceptance.Computers in human behavior,36, pp.29-40. Montano, D.E. and Kasprzyk, D., 2015. Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model.Health behavior: Theory, research and practice. 3(2), pp.23-28 Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New Jersey: Academic press. Salau, O.P., Falola, H.O. and Akinbode, J., 2014. Induction and staff attitude towards retention and organizational effectiveness.IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM),16(4), pp.47-52. Siponen, M., Mahmood, M.A. and Pahnila, S., 2014. Employees adherence to information security policies: An exploratory field study.Information management,51(2), pp.217-224. Temminck, E., Mearns, K. and Fruhen, L., 2015. Marketing employees towards sustainable behaviour.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(6), pp.402-412. Wong, C.A. and Laschinger, H.K., 2013. Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment.Journal of advanced nursing,69(4), pp.947-959. Wood, J.M., Zeffane, R.M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., McKeown, T., Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G. and Osborn, R.N., 2016.Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. Sydney: John Wiley Sons Australia Ltd.

Maths coursework 2001 Oliver Goddard Essay Example

Maths coursework 2001 Oliver Goddard Essay My hypothesis is to see if there is a difference between two ages estimating angle and length is different. I also think that people are better at estimating lengths than angles.Also to see if males are better than females at estimating the length and angle.And if playing sport helps at estimating lengths and angles.I think that the older people are better at estimating angles and the length because they have more experience at doing so from further education and more experience.I also think that the male sex will be better at estimating this better than the female sex because they play more sport and have to judge lengths and angles more of the time e.g. football, basketball, rugby.I have done a pre test to make sure that my main experiment will work by cheeking the method and data collection sheetFor all three of my experiments the length of the line and the degrees of the angle will be the same the length will be 4.5 centimetres and the degrees of the angle will be 36 degreesPlanI will collect data from year 7 and year 11 boys and girlsTo make sure it will be a fair test by making sure the subjects have the same amount of time to estimate the length of the line and the degrees of the angle. Making sure the angle and the line are all the same place on the paper and are the same colour and that the distance from it is not varied.The experiment will be consisting of an overall sample of 120 people divided into 30 male, 30 female, and 30 students in year 7 and 30 male and 30 female students in year 10 all these people will be extracted at break times during the school day and chosen at random. A scientific calculator does this.If I had a sample of 30 people 15 female and 15 male and I wanted to choose 8 of them 4 male 4 female I would use my calculator Ran# button on my calculator, this is how I did it I got hold of a sample of 30 people.Sample of 30 people:1F11M21F2M12F22M3M13F23F4F14M24M5M15M25M6M16F26F7F17M27F8M18F28M9F19F29M10F20M30FI then did this equation on my calculator:(The equation may vary form calculators)2ndF RAN X 30 =I pressed = symbol and my calculator came up with a random number between 1 and 30I rounded that number to the nearest 10 and underlined that number on my sample the first 8 went like this:1. 2ndF RAN X 30 =16.86 = 17 M2. 2ndF RAN X 30 =28.44 = 28 M the first 4 males Rad# chosen3. 2ndF RAN X 30 =24.12 = 24 M will be the ones that will be in the4. 2ndF RAN X 30 =14.91 = 15 M pre test.5. 2ndF RAN X 30 =13.56 = 14 M6. 2ndF RAN X 30 =12.39 = 12 F7. 2ndF RAN X 30 =15.33 = 15 M this one has been used once so we ignore it.8. 2ndF RAN X 30 =22.86 = 23 FI then underlined the ones that had been randomly chosen:1F11M21F2M12F22M3M13F23F4F14M24M5M15M25M6M16F26F7F17M27F8M18F28M9F19F29M10F20M30FI had to do this 5 more times to get 2 more F for the pre test1. 2ndF RAN X 30 =16.23 = 16 F2. 2ndF RAN X 30 =13.74 = 17 M3. 2ndF RAN X 30 =16.32 = 16 F this one has been used once so we ignore it.4. 2ndF RAN X 30 =15.75 = 16 F this one has been used once so we ignore it.5. 2ndF RAN X 30 =4.2 = 4 FThe first 4 females are the ones that will be put in to the pre test.You cannot have the same number twice because you would be asking the same sample twice so you would get the same result.The samples will be chosen out of the registration of each class. By using the random technique on the calculator. I will avoid bias by using somebody else to gather my result that does not know about my hypothesis or theory. This will get rid of subject bias and experimental bias.I could improve my sample by making it bigger and extending the variety.A small pre-testThe time chosen for the subjects was 10 seconds to look at both length and angleThis pre-test will consist of 8 people 4 male 4 femaleSexLengthAngleSportM3.530YesM530NoM4.840YesM530YesF530NoF420NoF540NoF535Yes-Mean = total of items / number of itemsMedian = middle valueMode =most commonRange =how far from the smallest to the biggestStem and leaf diagramsThese diagrams mak e it easier to find the mean median mode and range as you can arrange the numbers in order of size then you count to the middle number to find the median the mode is the most common median is all the numbers added together and divided by the amount of the numbers and the range is the space between the smallest number and the biggest number.Length354085000003.5+ 4+ 4.8+5+5+5+5+5=37.3Mean: 37.3 / 8 =4.6625Median: 5.5Mode: 5 over all most people are close to the lengthRange: 1.5Angle20030000054000Close to the angle over all20+30+30+30+30+35+40+40=225Mean: 225 % 8 = 28.125Median: 35Mode: 30 most people are close to the chosen angleRange: 20From these two stem and leaf diagramsCumulative frequency and Box and whisker graphsThis is how you compare the two difference using the graph you can place them on top of each other and compare the difference to the samples and see if one is different from the otherBox and whisker graphsThese graphs are the main comparing graphs from these you can te ll how big the range from the other opposing graph and also if the median results are closer to the real results.AngleFrequencycum.freq20 to 291130 to 395640 to 4928LengthFrequencycum.freq3 to 3.9114 to 4.9235 to 5.958Small conclusionThis test was to see if my methods would work I realise there is nothing to compare the grids to but it works on the graph and gives me the cumulative frequency. no I know that all of my theories work I can use them in the real tests and compare graphs and also I can see the base plan of what I have to do for each test. This pre test is the base for all my tests. Using this I can work my way around my coursework. In all the tests I have used Microsoft excel to do some of my calculations. To make this pre test better I could add something to compare my graphs to and also have more samples to work from.How I will evaluate if females are better than males are by the graphs that my results give and the stem and leaf, mean median and mode. The final conclusi ons will give a valid explanation why females/males are better at estimating length and angles and will also mark any mistakes I have made.End of pre-testTest 1Now I have 149 year 7 females and males and for my sample I am going to choose 30 females and 30 malesThe reason for doing this experiment is to determine if males are better than females at estimating length and angles. To get these samples I will use the Ran# technique until I get 30 females and 30 males in year 72ndF RAN X 149 =I could improve my sample by having a wider range of subjects to chose from and also have a bigger sample the calculator technique is proven in the pre-testThese are the 149 children who were used to get 30 random males and 30 random females:THE ONES UNDERLINED WERE THE ONES CHOSEN FOR THE SAMPLE OF 60 BELOW:I did this calculation many times. And ended up with30 random males and 30 random females.If 1 or more of the 60 chosen were absent I chose the nearest female or male to my assistant (who asked the questions and made each of the 60 year 7 review the angle and the line for 10 seconds and collect the data). any one who is not present will be taken out of the test and replaced by the nearest male if the subject is a male or female if the subject is a female, taking the absent bodys place.The resultsSexAngleLengthSportSexAngleLengthSportF405Y1M605YF426N2M158NF635.4Y3M208YF205N4M2710YF295N5M325YF308N6M413YF345N7M818YF316Y8M284NF195N9M304NF284Y10M354NF405N11M394NF373N12M215YF284Y13M288NF645N14M327YF387N15M266YF156N16M348.4YF6110N17M635.5NF609N18M724YF308N19M3012YF307N20M429NF325Y21M384NF306Y22M196YF488N23M373NF564Y24M604NF724N25M612YF316N26M4016YF348Y27M488NF303Y28M379NF389N29M415NF424N30M305NTOTAL1152175.4TOTAL1167189.9I choose 30 males and 30 females for my sample because I think it is a right size sample to work from, as it will get me varied results.I could improve my sample by having a wider range of subjects to chose from and also have a bigger sample from these results I can see from observing my chart that males play more sport than females.Stem and leafFemaleFemaleAngle10592008893000000112447884000228506600134702FemaleAngleMean 1152 / 30 = 38.4Median 34 the median is close to the original angle of 36Mode 30 this means that most females are closer to the original angleRange 57The median is close to the actual angleFemaleLength300400000500000000560000070080000900100LengthMean 175.4 / 30 = 5.846666667Median 5 close to 4.5 cmMode 5Range 70Most females are closer than the males to 4.5 cm plus one female estimated the angle to be 4.5 which was correctCumulative frequency and Box and whisker graphsAngleFrequencyCum.Freq10 to 192220 to 294630 to 39131940 to 4952450 to 5912560 to 6942970 to 79130LengthFrequencycum.freq3 to 3.9224 to 4.9575 to 5.99166 to 6.95217 to 7.92238 to 8.94279 to 9.922910 to 10.9130MaleStem and leafMaleAngle105920016788300022457789400112850600013702801This stem and leaf counts to 29 this is a mistake but dose not affect my resultsAng leMean 1167 / 30 = 38.9 (1167 / 29 = 40.24137931)Median 37Mode 37 the male majority are closer than the females on anglesRange 66The mode and the median are the same meaning that the 15th male was also in the medianMaleLength2030040000000500000560070800000490010011120131415160Huge range no males got the angle rightLengthMean 189.9 /30 = 6.33Median 5 very close to the original angle of 4.5 cmMode 4 the median is also the same as the females medianRange 14The range for the males is bigger than the females because there are a couple of males that estimated a lot higher than I would expectedCumulative frequency and Box and whisker graphsAngleFrequencyCum.freq10 to 192220 to 296830 to 39101840 to 4952350 to 5902360 to 6942770 to 7912880 to 89129LengthFrequencycum.freq2 to 2.9113 to 3.9234 to 4.97105 to 5.96166 to 6.92187 to 7.91198 to 8.96259 to 9.922710 to 10.912811 to 11.902812 to 12.912913 to 13.902914 to 14.902915 to 15.902916 to 16.9130ConclusionMales are better at estimating lent a s the box and whisker graphs prove though the males have a very big range most of the males have been close to the 4.5 cm chosenAn experiment to see if playing sport helps at estimating lengths and anglesThis is a test including only 10 people that play sport and 10 people that dontIn this test sex is not important as it is only comparing non-players against playersThe players and non-players have been chosen at random from a group of 60 people.Here are the results:AngleLengthAngleLength208Y1645N2710Y2387N325Y3156N413Y46110N508Y5609N352Y6308N405Y7304N327Y8354N266Y9394N348.4Y10305N33762.440262I could improve my sample by having a wider range of subjects to chose from and also have a bigger sample.Non-playersLength400050060708090100Mean 62 / 10 =6.2Median 5Mode 4Range 6You can see that the non-players haveAngle1052000058930405060014Mean 402 / 10 =40.2Median 25Mode 20Range 49Most of the non players have there angle marked betweenCumulative frequency and Box and whisker graphLengthFrequ encycum.freq4 to 4.9335 to 5.9256 to 6.9167 to 7.9178 to 8.9189 to 9.91910 to 10.9110AngleFrequencyCum.Freq10 to 191120 to 296730 to 390740 to 490750 to 590760 to 69310PlayersStem and leafLength20304500607080049100Mean 62.4 / 10 =6.24Median 6Mode 8Range 8The players are more spread out than the non-playersAngle10200673022454001500Mean 337 / 10 = 33.7Median 32Mode 32Range 30The angle seems to be .Cumulative frequency and Box and whisker graphsLengthFrequencycum.freq2 to 2.9113 to 3.9124 to 4.9025 to 5.9246 to 6.9157 to 7.9168 to 8.9399 to 9.90910 to 10.9110AngleFrequencyCum.Freq10 to 190020 to 293330 to 394740 to 492950 to 59110ConclusionI used Microsoft excel for some of my calculations as humans can make errors and that it is more accurate.Also I used this program to save time as it would have had taken longer for me to write the tables up. I can see from my graphsAn experiment to see if age makes a difference:Plan = an abbreviation of the main plan on page 11) I will work out the mean median mode and range of the results of the year 7 samples and the year 10 samples2) I will make stem and leaf diagrams3) I will make box and whisker diagrams4) I will make a conclusionMETHOD the same sort of method used on the first two experiments.I got a sample of 60 year 7 and a sample of 60 year 10s and used the random technique on the calculator to select 30 year 7 at random and 30 year 10s at random. I will avoid bias by using somebody else to gather my result that does not know about my hypothesis or theory. This will get rid of subject bias and experimental bias.I think that the older people are better at estimating angles and the length because they have more experience at doing so from further education and more experience.For this experiment I am using excel again as it its a time saving device and also Is a excellent calculator at fast speed if you know the formula to put in for this experiment and all of these experiments I have used the =SUM formula the most. Yea r 10s chosen underlined in red:Year 7Year 10AngleLengthAngleLength6051303.515823052083404.8271043053255404.541363058187204284840530493553541058539411454.5215124552881350432714455266152541561630461101745560918405308193063072030632521404.530622452.548823203564244537242545331626453.5348274543032845438929454424304041124186TOTAL1153130.8I could of hade made my sample bigger but that would had of taken more time and also a sample of 30 is easier to work with.Year 7Stem and leaf diagramsAnglesAngleYear 71055200167883000000122245894012850660001702801Mean 1124 / 30 = 37.5Median 32Mode 30Range 70The year 7s are closer to the angleLengthLength300400000005000060000700800000009001000Mean 186 / 30 = 6.2Median 6Mode 4/8 there are two even modes for this graph as four and eightRange 7 have the same amount on the graph so I put both of them downCumulative frequency and Box and whisker graphsYear 7AngleFrequencycum.freq10 to 192220 to 296830 to 39132140 to 4932450 to 5912560 to 6932870 to 7912980 to 89130LengthFrequencycum.freq3 to 3.9224 to 4.9795 to 5.94136 to 6.94177 to 7.92198 to 8.97269 to 9.922810 to 10.9230Year 10Stem and leaf diagramsAnglesAngleYear 1020005300000000540000000555555555555008Mean 1153 / 30 =38.4Median 40Mode 45Range 38LengthLength25300055400000000555850000000000600Mean 130.8 / 30 = 4.3Median 4.5Mode 5Range 3.5Cumulative frequency and Box and whisker graphsYear 10AngleFrequencycum.freq20 to 293330 to 3981140 to 49172850 to 59230LengthFrequencycum.freq2 to 2.9113 to 3.9564 to 4.912185 to 5.910286 to 6.9230Conclusion